<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xml:lang="en"
    xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
    xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
    <processing-meta tagset-family="jats" base-tagset="publishing" mathml-version="2.0" table-model="xhtml"/>
    <front>
                        
                        <journal-meta>
            <issn>1897-1059</issn>
                                </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <title-group>
                                    <article-title>The productivity of the English derivational -ing suffix in contemporary Polish</article-title>
                            </title-group>

                        <contrib-group>
                                                            <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
                            <name>
                                <surname>Witalisz</surname>
                                <given-names>Alicja</given-names>
                            </name>
                            <role>author</role>
                                                                                                                                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                                                                                        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor-1"/>
                        </contrib>
                                                </contrib-group>

                                                                                        <aff id="aff-1">
                    <institution-wrap>
                        <institution>Uniwersytet Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie</institution>
                                            </institution-wrap>
                </aff>
                            
            <author-notes>
                                    <corresp id="cor-1">Correspondence to: Alicja Witalisz <email>alicja.witalisz@up.krakow.pl</email></corresp>
                            </author-notes>

                            <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2014-10-17">
                    <day>17</day>
                    <month>10</month>
                    <year>2014</year>
                </pub-date>
            
            <volume>Volume 131, Issue 3</volume>
            <issue>2014</issue>
                        <fpage>321</fpage>
                                    <lpage>333</lpage>
            
            <permissions>
                <copyright-statement>Copyright &#x00A9; 2014</copyright-statement>
                                    <copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
                            </permissions>

            <funding-group specific-use="Crossref">
                <funding-statement></funding-statement>
            </funding-group>
        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <body>
        &lt;p&gt;The paper presents and examines -ing formations used in Polish. It also addresses the notion of productivity in morphology and discusses the growing productivity of the English derivational -ing suffix in contemporary Polish. To address the issue of productivity all -ing formations must be divided into foreign loans and derivatives that have been coined in Polish. One of the two forms of analysis of the research material used for the present study is based on the typology of contact-induced innovations; the other involves a synchronic morphological and semantic analysis of -ing formations coined in Polish. A thesis concerning the appearance of English -ing in Polish and its becoming an independent suffix and a productive word-formation rule is proposed.&lt;/p&gt;
    </body>
    <back>
                    <ref-list>
                                                                                <ref id="B1">
                            <label>1</label>
                            <article-title>MSSMP = Miejski słownik slangu i mowy potocznej. [available at: http://www.miejski.pl].</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B2">
                            <label>2</label>
                            <article-title>MWD = Merriam-Webster Dictionary. [available at: http://www.merriam-webster.com].</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B3">
                            <label>3</label>
                            <article-title>OED = Simpson J.A., Weiner E.S.C. (eds.). 1989. The Oxford English Dictionary. [20 vols., 2nd edition]. Oxford.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B4">
                            <label>4</label>
                            <article-title>SJPDor = Doroszewski W. (ed.). 1961. Słownik języka polskiego. Warszawa. [available at: http://doroszewski.pwn.pl].</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B5">
                            <label>5</label>
                            <article-title>SWar [= Słownik warszawski] = Karłowicz J. (ed.). 1900–1927. Słownik języka polskiego. Warszawa.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B6">
                            <label>6</label>
                            <article-title>SWil [= Słownik wileński] = Zdanowicz A. 1861. Słownik języka polskiego. Wilno.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B7">
                            <label>7</label>
                            <article-title>SZA = Mańczak-Wohlfeld E. (ed.). 2010. Słownik zapożyczeń angielskich. Warszawa.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B8">
                            <label>8</label>
                            <article-title>TFD = The Free Dictionary. [available at: http://www.thefreedictionary.com].</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B9">
                            <label>9</label>
                            <article-title>UD = Urban Dictionary. [available at: http://www.urbandictionary.com].</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B10">
                            <label>10</label>
                            <article-title>USJP = Dubisz S. (ed.). 2003. Uniwersalny słownik języka polskiego. Warszawa.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B11">
                            <label>11</label>
                            <article-title>Aronoff M. 1976. Word formation in generative grammar. [= Linguistic Inquiry Monograph 1]. Cambridge.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B12">
                            <label>12</label>
                            <article-title>Beard R. 1995. Lexeme-morpheme based morphology. A general theory of inflection and word-formation. [SUNY Series in Linguistics]. New York.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B13">
                            <label>13</label>
                            <article-title>Bauer L. 1983. English word-formation. Cambridge.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B14">
                            <label>14</label>
                            <article-title>Bauer L. 1988. Introducing linguistic morphology. Edinburgh.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B15">
                            <label>15</label>
                            <article-title>Bauer L. 2005. Productivity: Theories. – Štekauer P., Lieber R. (eds.). Handbook of English word-formation. Dordrecht: 315–334.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B16">
                            <label>16</label>
                            <article-title>Baayen H. 1993. On frequency, transparency, and productivity. – Booij G.., van Marle J. (eds.). Yearbook of morphology. Dordrecht: 181–208.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B17">
                            <label>17</label>
                            <article-title>Betz W. 1949. Deutsch und Lateinisch. Die Lehnbildungen der althochdeutschen Benediktinerregel. Bonn.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B18">
                            <label>18</label>
                            <article-title>Booij G. 2005. The grammar of words. Oxford.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B19">
                            <label>19</label>
                            <article-title>Carstensen B. 1986. Euro-English. – Kastovsky D., Szwedek A. (eds.). Linguistics across historical and geographical boundaries. In honour of Jacek Fisiak on the occasion of his 50th birthday. [vol. 2]. Berlin: 827–835.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B20">
                            <label>20</label>
                            <article-title>Chomsky N. 1970. Remarks on nominalization. – Jacobs R., Rosenbaum P. (eds.). Readings in English transformational grammar. Waltham (Mass.): 184–221.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B21">
                            <label>21</label>
                            <article-title>Clark E.V., Clark H.H. 1979. When nouns surface as verbs. – Language 55: 767–811.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B22">
                            <label>22</label>
                            <article-title>Data K. 2009. Wyrazy złożone z członami E-, I-, M- w języku polskim. – Skarżyński M., Szpiczakowska M. (eds.). W kręgu języka. Kraków: 267–275.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B23">
                            <label>23</label>
                            <article-title>Duckworth D. 1977. Zur terminologischen und systematischen Grundlage der Forschung auf dem Gebiet der englisch-deutschen Interferenz: Kritische Übersicht und neuer Vorschlag. – Kolb H., Lauffer H. (eds.). Sprachliche Interferenz: Festschrift für Werner Betz zum 65. Geburtstag. Tübingen: 36–56.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B24">
                            <label>24</label>
                            <article-title>Dunn J. 2008. Face control, electronic soap and the four-storey cottage with a jacuzzi: Anglicisation, globalisation and the creation of linguistic difference. – Fischer R., Pułaczewska H. (eds.). Anglicisms in Europe: Linguistic diversity in a global context. Newcastle upon Tyne: 52–69.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B25">
                            <label>25</label>
                            <article-title>Filipović R. 1994. Some problems in compiling an etymological dictionary of anglicisms. – Winter W. (ed.). On languages and language: the presidential addresses of the 1991 Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea. [= Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs 78]. Berlin: 127–144.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B26">
                            <label>26</label>
                            <article-title>Filipović R. 2000. Historical-primary etymology vs. secondary etymology of Anglicisms in European languages. – Mišeska Tomić O., Radovanović M. (eds.). History and perspectives of language study: Papers in honor of Ranko Bugarski. Amsterdam: 205–216.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B27">
                            <label>27</label>
                            <article-title>Fisiak J. 1961. Zapożyczenia angielskie w języku polskim: analiza interferencji leksykalnej. [Unpublished PhD diss.]. Łódź.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B28">
                            <label>28</label>
                            <article-title>Fisiak J. 1986. The word-formation of English loanwords in Polish. – Viereck W., Bald W.D. (eds.). English in contact with other languages. Studies in honour of Broder Carstensen on the occasion of his 60th birthday. Budapest: 253–263.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B29">
                            <label>29</label>
                            <article-title>Gómez Capuz J. 1997. Towards a typological classification of linguistic borrowing (Illustrated with Anglicisms in Romance languages). – Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses 10: 81–94.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B30">
                            <label>30</label>
                            <article-title>Grzebieniowski T. 1995. Słownictwo i słowotwórstwo angielskie. Warszawa.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B31">
                            <label>31</label>
                            <article-title>Grzega J. 2003. Borrowing as a word-finding process in cognitive historical onomasiology. – Onomasiology Online 4: 22–42.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B32">
                            <label>32</label>
                            <article-title>Haugen E. 1950. The analysis of linguistic borrowing. – Language 26.2: 210–231.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B33">
                            <label>33</label>
                            <article-title>Hohenhaus P. 2005. Lexicalisation and institutionalisation. – Štekauer P., Lieber R. (eds.). Handbook of English word-formation. Dordrecht: 353–373.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B34">
                            <label>34</label>
                            <article-title>Jochym-Kuszlikowa L. 2005. Rzeczowniki na -инг i -ing we współczesnym języku polskim. – Balowski M., Chlebda W. (eds.). Ogród nauk filologicznych. Księga jubileuszowa poświęcona Profesorowi Stanisławowi Kochmanowi. Opole: 267–277.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B35">
                            <label>35</label>
                            <article-title>Koneczna H. 1936/37. Wyrazy angielskie w języku polskim. – Poradnik Językowy 9: 161–170.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B36">
                            <label>36</label>
                            <article-title>Lieber R. 2005. English word-formation processes. – Štekauer P., Lieber R. (eds.). Handbook of word formation. Dordrecht: 375–428.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B37">
                            <label>37</label>
                            <article-title>Lipka L. 1992. Lexicalisation and institutionalisation in English and German. – Linguistica Pragensia 1: 1–13.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B38">
                            <label>38</label>
                            <article-title>Lipka L. 2000. English (and general) word-formation – The state of the art in 1999. – Reitz B., Rieuwerts S. (eds.). Anglistentag 1999 Mainz. Proceedings. Trier: 5–20.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B39">
                            <label>39</label>
                            <article-title>Luciński K. 2000. Anglicyzmy w języku polskim i rosyjskim. Kielce.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B40">
                            <label>40</label>
                            <article-title>Mańczak-Wohlfeld E. 1992. Analiza dekompozycyjna zapożyczeń angielskich w języku polskim. Kraków.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B41">
                            <label>41</label>
                            <article-title>Mańczak-Wohlfeld E. 1993. Uwagi o wpływie języka angielskiego na polszczyznę końca XX w. – Język Polski 73.4–5: 341–347.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B42">
                            <label>42</label>
                            <article-title>Mańczak-Wohlfeld E. 1995. Tendencje rozwojowe współczesnych zapożyczeń angielskich w języku polskim. Kraków.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B43">
                            <label>43</label>
                            <article-title>Mańczak-Wohlfeld E. 2002. Występowanie zapożyczeń angielskich we współczesnej polszczyźnie. – Chłopicki W. (ed.). Język trzeciego tysiąclecia II. [vol. 2: Polszczyzna a języki obce: przekład i dydaktyka]. Kraków: 341–347.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B44">
                            <label>44</label>
                            <article-title>Mańczak-Wohlfeld E. 2006. Angielsko-polskie kontakty językowe. Kraków.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B45">
                            <label>45</label>
                            <article-title>Mańczak-Wohlfeld E. 2010. Słownik zapożyczeń angielskich w polszczyźnie. Warszawa.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B46">
                            <label>46</label>
                            <article-title>Onysko A. 2007. Anglicisms in German: Borrowing, lexical productivity and written codeswitching. Berlin.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B47">
                            <label>47</label>
                            <article-title>Quirk R., Greenbaum S., Leech G., Svartvik J. 1985. A comprehensive grammar of the English language. London, New York.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B48">
                            <label>48</label>
                            <article-title>Piotrowski T. 2005. Pseudoanglicyzmy czy neoanglicyzmy? O współczesnych zapożyczeniach z języka angielskiego. – Balowski M., Chlebda W. (eds.). Ogród nauk filologicznych. Księga jubileuszowa poświęcona Profesorowi Stanisławowi Kochmanowi. Opole: 505–510.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B49">
                            <label>49</label>
                            <article-title>Plag I. 1999. English word-formation. Cambridge.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B50">
                            <label>50</label>
                            <article-title>Rainer F. 2005. Constraints on productivity. – Štekauer P., Lieber R. (eds.). Handbook of English word- formation. Dordrecht: 335–352.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B51">
                            <label>51</label>
                            <article-title>Rostowska M. 2009. Struktury hybrydalne w języku młodzieży – analiza słowotwórcza. – Język Polski 89.3: 179–190.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B52">
                            <label>52</label>
                            <article-title>Sørensen K. 1997. A Dictionary of Anglicisms in Danish. Copenhagen.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B53">
                            <label>53</label>
                            <article-title>Štekauer P. 2000. Word-formation. – Štekauer P. (ed.). Rudiments of English linguistics. Prešov: 93–129.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B54">
                            <label>54</label>
                            <article-title>Szymanek B. 1993. Introduction to morphological analysis. Warszawa.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B55">
                            <label>55</label>
                            <article-title>Waszakowa K. 1993. Format obcy -er i jego warianty w dzisiejszej polszczyźnie. – Poradnik Językowy 1993.4: 145–154.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B56">
                            <label>56</label>
                            <article-title>Waszakowa K. 1994. Słowotwórstwo współczesnego języka polskiego. Rzeczowniki sufiksalne obce. Warszawa.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B57">
                            <label>57</label>
                            <article-title>Waszakowa K. 2002. Współczesne słowotwórstwo polskie i czeskie wobec ekspansji zapożyczeń. – Poradnik Językowy 2002.8: 3–17.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B58">
                            <label>58</label>
                            <article-title>Waszakowa K. 2005. Przejawy internacjonalizacji w słowotwórstwie współczesnej polszczyzny. Warszawa.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B59">
                            <label>59</label>
                            <article-title>Weinreich U. 1953. Languages in contact. Findings and problems. The Hague.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B60">
                            <label>60</label>
                            <article-title>Williams E. 1981. On the notions ‘lexically related’ and ‘head of a word’. Linguistic Inquiry 12: 245–274.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B61">
                            <label>61</label>
                            <article-title>Witalisz A. 2014. Typy pseudoanglicyzmów (na przykładzie języka młodego pokolenia Polaków). – Język Polski 94.1: 1–14.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B62">
                            <label>62</label>
                            <article-title>Zabawa M. 2004. Formy z cząstką e- we współczesnym języku polskim. – Poradnik Językowy 2004.5: 55–60.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B63">
                            <label>63</label>
                            <article-title>Zabawa M. 2013. Shop, shopping, shopper…. – Poradnik Językowy 2013.4: 99–103.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                </ref-list>
            </back>
</article>
