<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xml:lang="en"
    xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
    xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
    <processing-meta tagset-family="jats" base-tagset="publishing" mathml-version="2.0" table-model="xhtml"/>
    <front>
                        
                        <journal-meta>
            <issn>1732-8160</issn>
                                </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <title-group>
                                    <article-title>A Typology of Stranded Phonologically Weak Elements</article-title>
                            </title-group>

                        <contrib-group>
                                                            <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
                            <name>
                                <surname>Bošković</surname>
                                <given-names>Željko</given-names>
                            </name>
                            <role>author</role>
                                                                                                                                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                                                                                        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor-1"/>
                        </contrib>
                                                </contrib-group>

                                                                                        <aff id="aff-1">
                    <institution-wrap>
                        <institution>University of Connecticut</institution>
                                                    <institution-id institution-id-type="ROR">02der9h97</institution-id>
                                            </institution-wrap>
                </aff>
                            
            <author-notes>
                                    <corresp id="cor-1">Correspondence to: Željko Bošković <email>zeljko.boskovic@uconn.edu</email></corresp>
                            </author-notes>

                            <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2023-12-15">
                    <day>15</day>
                    <month>12</month>
                    <year>2023</year>
                </pub-date>
            
            <volume>Vol. 18, Issue 3</volume>
            <issue>Volume 18 (2023)</issue>
                        <fpage>85</fpage>
                                    <lpage>95</lpage>
            
            <permissions>
                <copyright-statement>Copyright &#x00A9; 2023</copyright-statement>
                                    <copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
                            </permissions>

            <funding-group specific-use="Crossref">
                <funding-statement></funding-statement>
            </funding-group>
        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <body>
        &lt;p&gt;The paper presents a unified account of a number of superficially very different cases from Japanese, Serbo-Croatian, German, and Dutch where a phonologically weak element is stranded without a host. It proposes a new typology regarding when a phonologically weak element can be stranded where adjacency to a prosodic boundary is necessary for such stranding, with parametrization regarding the strength of the prosodic boundary: it can be an utterance boundary (║) or an intonational-phrase boundary (#), or either║or # (in the last case, both boundaries can license the stranding). Furthermore, the difference in the direction of adjacency to the prosodic boundary mirrors the difference in the adjacency to the host: if the relevant element is a prefix/proclitic, both the host and the prosodic boundary follow it, if it is an enclitic/suffix, they both precede it.&lt;/p&gt;
    </body>
    <back>
                    <ref-list>
                                                                                <ref id="B1">
                            <label>1</label>
                            <article-title>Abe Jun (2015). The In-situ Approach to Sluicing. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B2">
                            <label>2</label>
                            <article-title>Bennett David C. (1987). Word order change in progress: The case of Slovene and Serbo-Croat and its relevance for Germanic. Journal of Linguistics 23, 269‒287.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B3">
                            <label>3</label>
                            <article-title>Besten Hans, den, Webelhuth Gert (1990). Stranding. In Scrambling and Barriers, Günther Grewendorf, Wolfgang Sternefeld (eds.), 77‒92. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B4">
                            <label>4</label>
                            <article-title>Bošković Željko (2001). On the Nature of the Syntax-Phonology Interface: Cliticization and Related Phenomena. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B5">
                            <label>5</label>
                            <article-title>Bošković Željko (2015). On prosodic boundaries. In Slavic Grammar from a Formal Perspective: The 10th Anniversary FDSL Conference, Gerhild Zybatow, Petr Biskup, Marcel Guhl, Claudia Hurtig, Olav Mueller-Reichau, Maria Yastrebova (eds.), 93‒104. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B6">
                            <label>6</label>
                            <article-title>Bošković Željko (2016). On second position clitics crosslinguistically. In Formal Studies in Slovenian Syntax. In Honor of Janez Orešnik, Franc Marušič, Rok Žaucer (eds.), 23‒54. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B7">
                            <label>7</label>
                            <article-title>Bošković Željko (2020). On the coordinate structure constraint, across-the-board-movement, phases and labeling. In Recent Developments in Phase Theory, Jeroen van Craenenbroeck, Cora Pots, Tanja Temmerman (eds.), 133‒182. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B8">
                            <label>8</label>
                            <article-title>Browne Wayles (1975). Serbo-Croatian enclitics for English-speaking learners. In Contrastive Analysis of English and Serbo-Croatian, Rudolf Filipović (ed.), Vol. 1, 105‒134. Zagreb: Institute of Linguistics, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Zagreb.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B9">
                            <label>9</label>
                            <article-title>Dvořák Boštjan (2007). Slovenian clitic pronouns and what is so special about them.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B10">
                            <label>10</label>
                            <article-title>Slovenski Jezik – Slovene Linguistic Studies 6, 209‒233. Franks Steven (2010). Clitics in Slavic. Glossos 10, 1‒157.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B11">
                            <label>11</label>
                            <article-title>Franks Steven, King Tracy (2000). A Handbook of Slavic Clitics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B12">
                            <label>12</label>
                            <article-title>Fujiwara Yoshiki (2022). Movement approach to ellipsis. PhD dissertation, University of Connecticut.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B13">
                            <label>13</label>
                            <article-title>Golden Marija, Milojević Sheppard Milena (2000). Slovene pronominal clitics. In Clitic Phenomena in European Languages, Frits Beukema, Marcel den Dikken (eds.), 191‒207. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B14">
                            <label>14</label>
                            <article-title>Goto Nobu (2012). A note on particle stranding ellipsis. In Proceedings of the 14th Seoul International Conference on Generative Grammar (SICOGG), Bum-Sik Park (ed.), 78–97. Seoul: Hankuk Publishing.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B15">
                            <label>15</label>
                            <article-title>Hayes Bruce (1989). The prosodic hierarchy in meter. In Rhythm and Meter. Phonetics and Phonology, Paul Kiparsky, Gilbert Youmans (eds.), Vol. 1, 201‒260. San Diego: Academic Press.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B16">
                            <label>16</label>
                            <article-title>Hornstein Norbert, Weinberg Amy (1981). Case theory and preposition stranding. Linguistic Inquiry 12, 55–91.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B17">
                            <label>17</label>
                            <article-title>Nasu Norio (2012). Zyosi-Zanryu Ga Okoru Bunto No Iti Nituite [On Sentence-Initial Positions for Particle Stranding]. CLAVEL 2, 1–12.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B18">
                            <label>18</label>
                            <article-title>Nespor Marina, Vogel Irene (1982). Prosodic domains of external sandhi rules. In The Structure of Phonological Representation. Part 1, Harry van der Hulst, Neil Smith (eds.), 225‒255. Dordrecht: Foris.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B19">
                            <label>19</label>
                            <article-title>Nespor Marina, Vogel Irene (1986). Prosodic Phonology. Dordrecht: Foris.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B20">
                            <label>20</label>
                            <article-title>Percus Orin (1993). The captious clitic: Problems in Serbo-Croatian clitic placement. Ms., MIT, Cambridge, MA.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B21">
                            <label>21</label>
                            <article-title>Priestly Tom (1996). Slovene. In The Slavonic Languages, Bernard Comrie, Greville G. Corbett (eds.), 388‒451. London: Routledge.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B22">
                            <label>22</label>
                            <article-title>Sakamoto Yuta, Saito Hiroaki (2018). Overtly stranded but covertly not. In Proceedings of the 35th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, Wm. G. Bennett, Lindsay Hracs, Dennis Ryan Storoshenko (eds.), 349–356. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B23">
                            <label>23</label>
                            <article-title>Sato Yosuke (2012). Particle-Stranding Ellipsis in Japanese, phase theory, and the privilege of the root. Linguistic Inquiry 43, 495–504.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B24">
                            <label>24</label>
                            <article-title>Sato Yosuke, Ginsburg Jason Robert (2007). A new type of nominal ellipsis in Japanese. In Proceedings of FAJL 4: Formal Approaches to Japanese Linguistics, Yoichi Miyamoto, Masao Ochi (eds.), 197–204. Cambridge, MA: Department of Linguistics, MITWPL.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B25">
                            <label>25</label>
                            <article-title>Sato Yosuke, Maeda Masako (2019). Particle stranding ellipsis involves PF-deletion. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 37, 357–88.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B26">
                            <label>26</label>
                            <article-title>Schütze Carson (1994). Serbo-Croatian second position clitic placement and the phonology-syntax interface. In MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 21, Andrew Carnie, Heidi Harley, Tony Bures (eds.), 373‒473. Cambridge, MA: Department of Linguistics, MITWPL.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B27">
                            <label>27</label>
                            <article-title>Selkirk Elisabeth (1986). Phonology and Syntax: The Relation between Sound and Structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B28">
                            <label>28</label>
                            <article-title>Shibata Yoshiyuki (2014). A phonological approach to particle stranding ellipsis in Japanese. Paper presented at Formal Approaches to Japanese Linguistics 7, National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics and International Christian University, Tokyo, June 27‒29.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B29">
                            <label>29</label>
                            <article-title>Takita Kensuke (2020). Labeling for linearization. The Linguistic Review 37, 75–116. Thiersch Craig (2017). Remnant movement. In The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Syntax, 2nd ed., Martin Everaert, Henk van Riemsdijk (eds.), 1–77. New York: Wiley.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B30">
                            <label>30</label>
                            <article-title>Yamashita Hideaki (2019). Reconsidering the nature of particle stranding ellipsis in Japanese. In ICU Working Papers in Linguistics 7, Yurie Hara, Shigeto Kawahara, Seunghun J. Lee (eds.), 79–91. Tokyo: International Christian University.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B31">
                            <label>31</label>
                            <article-title>Yamashita Hideaki (2020). Particle stranding ellipsis in Japanese involves LF-copying, not PF-deletion. Pre-Proceedings of the 161th Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of Japan, 230–236.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B32">
                            <label>32</label>
                            <article-title>Yoshida Tomoyuki (2004). Syudai No Syooryaku Gensho: Hikaku Toogoron Teki Koosatu [The Phenomenon of Topic Drop: A Comparative Syntactic Consideration]. In Nihongo Kyooikugaku No Siten [Perspectives on Japanese Language Pedagogy], 291–305. Tokyo: Tokyodo.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                </ref-list>
            </back>
</article>
