<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xml:lang="en"
    xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
    xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
    <processing-meta tagset-family="jats" base-tagset="publishing" mathml-version="2.0" table-model="xhtml"/>
    <front>
                        
                        <journal-meta>
            <issn>1732-8160</issn>
                                </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <title-group>
                                    <article-title>Polish Comparative Adjectives and Adverbs</article-title>
                            </title-group>

                        <contrib-group>
                                                            <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
                            <name>
                                <surname>Wiland</surname>
                                <given-names>Bartosz</given-names>
                            </name>
                            <role>author</role>
                                                                                                                                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                                                                                        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor-1"/>
                        </contrib>
                                                </contrib-group>

                                                                                        <aff id="aff-1">
                    <institution-wrap>
                        <institution>Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań</institution>
                                            </institution-wrap>
                </aff>
                            
            <author-notes>
                                    <corresp id="cor-1">Correspondence to: Bartosz Wiland <email></email></corresp>
                            </author-notes>

                            <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2023-12-29">
                    <day>29</day>
                    <month>12</month>
                    <year>2023</year>
                </pub-date>
            
            <volume>Vol. 18, Issue 3</volume>
            <issue>Volume 18 (2023)</issue>
                        <fpage>97</fpage>
                                    <lpage>143</lpage>
            
            <permissions>
                <copyright-statement>Copyright &#x00A9; 2023</copyright-statement>
                                    <copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
                            </permissions>

            <funding-group specific-use="Crossref">
                <funding-statement></funding-statement>
            </funding-group>
        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <body>
        &lt;p&gt;The paper investigates the morphosyntax of Polish synthetic comparative adjectives and adverbs. It is argued that we can predict the distribution of different classes of adjectival roots and suffixes if we adopt the idea that both types of morphemes lexicalize syntactic constituents, the central tenet of Nanosyntax. The paper makes a case for two central claims. One is that the syn-sem properties of adjectives can be described with a finegrained syntactic sequence proposed for Slovak in Vanden Wyngaerd et al. (2020). The other one is that the lexical properties of Polish gradable adverbs follow from the syntactic representation of the adverb as properly containing the syntactic representation of the adjective.&lt;/p&gt;
    </body>
    <back>
                    <ref-list>
                                                                                <ref id="B1">
                            <label>1</label>
                            <article-title>Andersson Samuel (2018). (*)ABA in Germanic verbs. Glossa 3(1): 119, 1‒20.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B2">
                            <label>2</label>
                            <article-title>Baunaz Lena, Lander Eric (2018a). Ontological categories. In The Unpublished Manuscript; A collection of Lingbuzz Papers to Celebrate Michal Starke’s 50th Birthday, Pavel Caha, Karen De Clercq, Guido Vanden Wyngaerd (eds.), 1–18. https://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/003993 (accessed 25.05.2023).</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B3">
                            <label>3</label>
                            <article-title>Baunaz Lena, Lander Eric (2018b). Decomposing categories syncretic with the nominal complementizer. Glossa 3(1): 31, 1‒27.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B4">
                            <label>4</label>
                            <article-title>Baunaz Lena, Lander Eric (2018c). Nanosyntax: The basics. In Exploring Nanosyntax, Lena Baunaz, Karen De Clercq, Liliane Haegeman, Eric Lander (eds.), 16–56. New York: Oxford University Press.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B5">
                            <label>5</label>
                            <article-title>Baranowski Maciej, Buckley Eugene (2003). Lexicalization and analogy in Polish o-Raising. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Atlanta, January 2‒5.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B6">
                            <label>6</label>
                            <article-title>Bethin Christina (1978). Phonological rules in the nominative singular and genitive plural of the Slavic substantive declension. University of Illinois at Urbana. PhD dissertation.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B7">
                            <label>7</label>
                            <article-title>Bethin Christina (1992). Polish Syllables: The Role of Prosody in Phonology and Morphology. Columbus, Oh: Slavica Publishers.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B8">
                            <label>8</label>
                            <article-title>Blix Hagen (2021). Phrasal spellout and partial overwrite: On an alternative to backtracking. Glossa 6(1): 62, 1–17.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B9">
                            <label>9</label>
                            <article-title>Bobaljik Jonathan David (2012). Universals in Comparative Morphology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B10">
                            <label>10</label>
                            <article-title>Bondaruk Anna (2015). Two typologies of AP predicates in Polish ‒ a comparison. Roczniki Humanistyczne LXIII(6), 7‒30.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B11">
                            <label>11</label>
                            <article-title>Buckley Eugene (2001). Polish o-Raising and phonological explanation. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Washington DC, January 4‒7.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B12">
                            <label>12</label>
                            <article-title>Caha Pavel (2009). The nanosyntax of case. CASTL/University of Tromsø. PhD dissertation.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B13">
                            <label>13</label>
                            <article-title>Caha Pavel (2021). Modeling declensions without declension features. The case of Russian. Acta Linguistica Academica 68(4), 385‒425.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B14">
                            <label>14</label>
                            <article-title>Caha Pavel (to appear). Nanosyntax: Some key features. In The Cambridge Handbook of Distributed Morphology, Artemis Alexiadou, Ruth Kramer, Alec Marantz, Isabel Oltra-Massuet (eds.). Cambridge University Press.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B15">
                            <label>15</label>
                            <article-title>Caha Pavel, De Clercq Karen, Vanden Wyngaerd Guido (2019). The fine structure of the comparative. Studia Linguistica 73(3), 470–521.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B16">
                            <label>16</label>
                            <article-title>Caha Pavel, De Clercq Karen, Vanden Wyngaerd Guido (2023). Zero morphology and change-of-state verbs. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 42(1), 1–28.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B17">
                            <label>17</label>
                            <article-title>Carlton Terence (1991). Introduction to the Phonological History of the Slavic Languages. Columbus, OH: Slavica.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B18">
                            <label>18</label>
                            <article-title>Cresswell Maxwell (1976). The semantics of degree. In Montague Grammar, Barbara Partee (ed.), 261‒292. New York: Academic Press.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B19">
                            <label>19</label>
                            <article-title>Cyran Władysław (1967). Przysłówki polskie. Budowa słowotwórcza. Łódź: Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B20">
                            <label>20</label>
                            <article-title>Czaykowska-Higgins Ewa (1988). Investigations into Polish morphology and phonology. MIT. PhD dissertation.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B21">
                            <label>21</label>
                            <article-title>De Clercq Karen (2020). The Morphosyntax of Negative Markers: A Nanosyntactic Account. Berlin/Boston: Mouton De Gruyter.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B22">
                            <label>22</label>
                            <article-title>De Clercq Karen, Vanden Wyngaerd Guido (2019a). Negation and the functional sequence. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 37(2), 425–460.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B23">
                            <label>23</label>
                            <article-title>De Clercq Karen, Vanden Wyngaerd Guido (2019b). On the idiomatic nature of unproductive morphology. In Linguistics in the Netherlands 2019, Janine Berns, Elena Tribushinina (eds.), 99–114. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B24">
                            <label>24</label>
                            <article-title>Dekier Jakub (2021). Morphosyntax of specific and non-specific indefinite markers. Glossa 6(1): 70, 1–33.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B25">
                            <label>25</label>
                            <article-title>Dekier Jakub (2022). Assertive indefinite pronouns: A morphosyntactic analysis. Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. PhD dissertation.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B26">
                            <label>26</label>
                            <article-title>Dvonč Ladislav, Horák Gejza, Miko František, Mistrík Jozef, Oravec Ján, Ružička Jozef, Urbančok Milan (1966). Morfológia Slovenského Jazyka. Bratislava: Vydavatel’stvo Slovenskej akadémie vied.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B27">
                            <label>27</label>
                            <article-title>Fábregas Antonio (2007). An exhaustive lexicalisation account of directional complements. Nordlyd 34(2), 165–199.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B28">
                            <label>28</label>
                            <article-title>Gawełko Marek (1976). Sufiksy przymiotnikowe w języku polskim, niemieckim i francuskim. Studium z zakresu gramatyki kontrastywnej. Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagielloński.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B29">
                            <label>29</label>
                            <article-title>Grandi Nicola, Körtvelyessy Livia (2015). Introduction: Why evaluative morphology? In Edinburgh Handbook of Evaluative Morphology, Nicola Grandi, Livia Körtvelyessy (eds.), 4–20. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B30">
                            <label>30</label>
                            <article-title>Grzegorczykowa Renata (1999). Przysłówek. In Gramatyka współczesnego języka polskiego: morfologia, 3rd edition, Renata Grzegorczykowa, Roman Laskowski, Henryk Wróbel (eds.), 524–535. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B31">
                            <label>31</label>
                            <article-title>Gussmann Edmund (1980). Studies in Abstract Phonology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B32">
                            <label>32</label>
                            <article-title>Gussmann Edmund (1992). Back to front: Non-linear palatalizations and vowels in Polish. In Phonological Investigations, Jacek Fisiak, Stanisław Puppel (eds.), 5–66. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B33">
                            <label>33</label>
                            <article-title>Holst Jan Henrik (2012). Polish morphophonology. Linguistica Bidgostiana 9, 61–78.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B34">
                            <label>34</label>
                            <article-title>Jabłońska Patrycja (2007). Radical decomposition and argument structure. CASTL/University of Tromsø. PhD dissertation.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B35">
                            <label>35</label>
                            <article-title>Kayne Richard (1994). The Antisymmetry of Syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Kenstowicz Michael (1994). Phonology in Generative Grammar. Cambridge, UK and Oxford: Blackwell.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B36">
                            <label>36</label>
                            <article-title>Klein Ewan (1980). Semantics for positive and comparative adjectives. Linguistics and Philosophy 4, 1–45.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B37">
                            <label>37</label>
                            <article-title>Klemensiewicz, Zygmunt, Lehr-Spławiński Tadeusz, Urbańczyk Stanisław (1965). Gramatyka historyczna języka polskiego. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B38">
                            <label>38</label>
                            <article-title>Kowalik Krystyna (1997). Struktura morfonologiczna współczesnej polszczyzny. Kraków: Instytut Języka Polskiego, Polska Akademia Nauk.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B39">
                            <label>39</label>
                            <article-title>Lander Eric, Haegeman Liliane (2016). The nanosyntax of spatial deixis. Studia Linguistica 72(2), 362–427.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B40">
                            <label>40</label>
                            <article-title>McCawley James (1968). The role of semantics in a grammar. In Universals in linguistic theory, Emmon Bach, Robert Harms (eds.), 124–169. New York: Holt, Rinehart &amp;amp; Winston.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B41">
                            <label>41</label>
                            <article-title>Middleton Hannah Jane (2020). *ABA syncretism patterns in pronominal morphology. University College London. PhD dissertation.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B42">
                            <label>42</label>
                            <article-title>Neeleman Ad, Szendrői Kriszta (2007). Radical pro drop and the morphology of pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry 38(4), 671–714.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B43">
                            <label>43</label>
                            <article-title>Neeleman Ad, van de Koot Hans, Doetjes Jenny (2004). Degree expressions. The Linguistic Review 21, 1–66.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B44">
                            <label>44</label>
                            <article-title>Pantcheva Marina (2011). Decomposing path: The nanosyntax of directional expressions. CASTL/University of Tromsø. PhD dissertation.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B45">
                            <label>45</label>
                            <article-title>Post Michał (1986). Denominal Adjectivalization in Polish and English. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B46">
                            <label>46</label>
                            <article-title>Roy Isabelle (2013). Nonverbal Predication. Copular Sentences at the Syntax-Semantics Interface. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B47">
                            <label>47</label>
                            <article-title>Rubach Jerzy (1984). Cyclic and Lexical Phonology: The Structure of Polish. Dordrecht: Foris. Rubach Jerzy, Booij Geert (1990). Syllable structure assignment in Polish. Phonology 7, 121–158.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B48">
                            <label>48</label>
                            <article-title>Starke Michal (2006). The nanosyntax of participles. Lectures at the 13th EGG summer school, Olomouc.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B49">
                            <label>49</label>
                            <article-title>Starke Michal (2009). Nanosyntax: A short primer to a new approach to language. Nordlyd 36(1), 1–6.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B50">
                            <label>50</label>
                            <article-title>Starke Michal (2018). Complex left branches, spellout and prefixes. In Exploring Nanosyntax, Lena Baunaz, Karen De Clercq, Liliane Haegeman, Eric Lander (eds.), 239–249. New York: Oxford University Press.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B51">
                            <label>51</label>
                            <article-title>Starke Michal (2022). Nanosyntax seminar. Lectures at Masaryk University, Brno.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B52">
                            <label>52</label>
                            <article-title>Stieber Zdzisław (1973). A Historical Phonology of the Polish Language. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B53">
                            <label>53</label>
                            <article-title>Szpyra-Kozłowska Jolanta (2003). On the synchronic status of palatalization in Polish. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Studia Anglica Resoviensia 2, 95–105.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B54">
                            <label>54</label>
                            <article-title>Szymanek Bogdan (1985). English and Polish Adjectives. A study in Lexicalist Word-Formation. Lublin: Redakcja Wydawnictw Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B55">
                            <label>55</label>
                            <article-title>Szymanek Bogdan (1996). Polish denominal adjectives and the problem of lexical representation. In Rules and the Lexicon: Studies in Word Formation, Edmund Gussmann (ed.), 205–219. Lublin: Redakcja Wydawnictw KUL.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B56">
                            <label>56</label>
                            <article-title>Szymanek Bogdan (2015). A Panorama of Polish Word-Formation, 2nd edition. Lublin: Wydawnictwo Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B57">
                            <label>57</label>
                            <article-title>Taraldsen Tarald Knut (2010). The nanosyntax of Nguni noun class prefixes and concords. Lingua 120(6), 1522–1548.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B58">
                            <label>58</label>
                            <article-title>Taraldsen Tarald Knut, Taraldsen Medová Lucie, Langa David (2018). Class prefixes as specifiers in Southern Bantu. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 36(4), 1339–1394.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B59">
                            <label>59</label>
                            <article-title>Taraldsen Medová Lucie, Wiland Bartosz (2018). Functional sequence zones and Slavic L&amp;gt;T&amp;gt;N participles. In Exploring Nanosyntax, Lena Baunaz, Karen De Clercq, Liliane Haegeman, Eric Lander (eds.), 305–328. New York: Oxford University Press.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B60">
                            <label>60</label>
                            <article-title>Taraldsen Medová Lucie, Wiland Bartosz (2019). Semelfactives are bigger than degree achievements. Natural Language &amp;amp; Linguistic Theory 37(4), 1463–1513.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B61">
                            <label>61</label>
                            <article-title>Truong Tran (2020). *ABA effects in kinship allomorphy &amp;amp; syncretism. Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, 345–353.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B62">
                            <label>62</label>
                            <article-title>Vanden Wyngaerd Guido (2018). The feature structure of pronouns. A probe into multidimensional paradigms. In Exploring Nanosyntax, Lena Baunaz, Karen De Clercq, Liliane Haegeman, Eric Lander (eds.), 277–304. New York: Oxford University Press.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B63">
                            <label>63</label>
                            <article-title>Vanden Wyngaerd Guido (2019). Locative-directional alternations. In Language Use and Linguistic Structure. Proceedings of the Olomouc Linguistics Colloquium 2018, Joseph Emonds, Marketa Jenebova, Ludmila Veselovská (eds.), 117–134. Olomouc: Palacky University.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B64">
                            <label>64</label>
                            <article-title>Vanden Wyngaerd Guido, Starke Michal, De Clercq Karen, Caha Pavel (2020). How to be positive. Glossa 5(1): 23, 1–34.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B65">
                            <label>65</label>
                            <article-title>Vanden Wyngaerd Guido, De Clercq Karen, Caha Pavel (2023). Czech diminutive adjectives as evidence for a rich internal structure of gradable adjectives. Olomouc Linguistics Colloquium (Olinco), Book of Abstracts, 101–102.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B66">
                            <label>66</label>
                            <article-title>Vangsnes Øystein (2013). Syncretism and functional expansion in Germanic wh-expressions. Language Sciences 36, 47–65.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B67">
                            <label>67</label>
                            <article-title>Von Stechow Arnim (1984). Comparing semantic theories of comparison. Journal of Semantics 3, 1–77.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B68">
                            <label>68</label>
                            <article-title>Weerman Fred, Evers-Vermeul Jacqueline (2002). Pronouns and case. Lingua 112, 301–338.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B69">
                            <label>69</label>
                            <article-title>Wiese Bernd (2004). Unterspezifizierte Stammparadigmen: Zur Systematik des Verbablauts im Gegenwartsdeutschen. Ms., Institut für Deutsche Sprache, Mannheim.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B70">
                            <label>70</label>
                            <article-title>Wiese Bern (2008). Form and function of verbal ablaut in contemporary standard German. In Explorations in Integrational Linguistics, Robin Sackmann (ed.), 97–151. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B71">
                            <label>71</label>
                            <article-title>Wiland Bartosz (2012). Prefix stacking, syncretism, and the syntactic hierarchy. In Slavic Languages in Formal Grammar. Proceedings of FDSL 8.5, Brno 2010, Mojmir Dočekal, Marketa Ziková (eds.), 307–324. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B72">
                            <label>72</label>
                            <article-title>Wiland Bartosz (2018). A note on lexicalizing ‘what’ and ‘who’ in Russian and in Polish. Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 54(4), 573–604.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B73">
                            <label>73</label>
                            <article-title>Wiland Bartosz (2019). The Spell-out Algorithm and Lexicalization Patterns: Slavic Verbs and Complementizers. Berlin: Language Science Press.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B74">
                            <label>74</label>
                            <article-title>Wiland Bartosz (2021). Polish deadjectival nouns as nominalized adverbs. Studies in Polish Linguistics 16(4), 207–227.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B75">
                            <label>75</label>
                            <article-title>Wróbel Henryk (2001). Gramatyka języka polskiego. Kraków: Od Nowa.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B76">
                            <label>76</label>
                            <article-title>Zagórska-Brooks Maria (1975). Polish Reference Grammar. The Hauge: Mouton.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                </ref-list>
            </back>
</article>
