2720-4383 Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego Agroterrorism involving biological agents and related threats in Poland and Europe in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine Agroterroryzm z wykorzystaniem czynników biologicznych i zagrożenia z nim związane w Polsce i Europie w kontekście pandemii COVID-19 i wojny w Ukrainie Jarynowski Andrzej author Correspondence to: Andrzej Jarynowski 15 09 2023 Numer 4 (4) 2023 405 444 Copyright © 2023 2023 <p>With the growing threat of agroterrorism and the highest level of risk in Poland and the European region since the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (1972) and the Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions (1977) came into force, it is important to analyse the challenges in the area of biosecurity and food security and make recommendations. The analysis carried out by the author of this article indicates that the COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to the dissemination of knowledge of the basics of microbiology and epidemiology and to the increased availability of low-cost, portable microbiological diagnostics, which may also have negative effects. The analysis took into account the possibility of foreign intelligence influencing food production in Poland, e.g. through disinformation via social media. Conclusions of the analysis include: expanding monitoring of the expert community and social media, strengthening the vigilance of food producers and agricultural experts, simulating introduction scenarios, studying radicalisation processes and using epidemiological assessment tools in case of alarming events.</p> 1 Bertrandt J., Bioterroryzm żywnościowy – realne zagrożenia użycia patogenów biologicznych w działaniach terrorystycznych (Eng. Food bioterrorism - the real threat of using biological pathogens in terrorist activities), “Lekarz Wojskowy” 2007, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 33–35. 2 Broniatowski D. et al., Vaccine Communication as Weaponized Identity Politics, “American Journal of Public Health” 2020, vol. 110, no. 5, pp. 1378–1384. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305616. 3 Chen X., Chughtai A.A., MacIntyre C.R., Recalibration of the Grunow–Finke assessment tool to improve performance in detecting unnatural epidemics, “Risk Analysis” 2019, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 1465–1475. 4 EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Pest categorisation of Colletotrichum fructicola, “EFSA Journal” 2021, vol. 19, no. 8, e06803. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6803. 5 Essack S.Y., Environment: the neglected component of the One Health triad, “The Lancet Planetary Health” 2018, vol. 2, no. 6, e238–e239. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30124-4. 6 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Update of the Xylella spp. host plant database – systematic literature search up to 31 December 2021, “EFSA Journal” 2022, vol. 20, no. 6, e07356. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7356. 7 Eysenbach G., How to fight an infodemic: the four pillars of infodemic management, “Journal of Medical Internet Research” 2020, vol. 22, no. 6, e21820. https://doi.org/10.2196/21820. 8 Helmus T. et al., Russian social media influence: Understanding Russian propaganda in Eastern Europe, Santa Monica 2018. 9 Jarynowski A., Infodemiologia oraz infonadzór – doświadczenia doby pandemii (Eng. Infodemiology and infosurveillance - the experience of the pandemic era), in: Epidemiologia i bezpieczeństwo CBRN. Nauka, innowacje, implikacje praktyczne, A. Mróz-Jagiełło, J. Walczak (eds.), series: Epimilitaris, Zielonka 2022, pp. 235–248. 10 Jarynowski A. et al., African Swine Fever Awareness in the Internet Media in Poland – exploratory review, “E-methodology” 2019, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 100–115. https://doi.org/10.15503/emet2019.100.115. 11 Jarynowski A. et al., ASF jako zagrożenie biologiczne w Polsce i na świecie (Eng. ASF as a biological threat in Poland and worldwide), in: Bezpieczeństwo regionalne. Węzłowe problemy i procesy, P. Bajor (ed.), Kraków 2021, pp. 239–254. https://doi.org/10.12797/9788381383899.14. 12 Jarynowski A., Krzowski Ł., Belik V., Afrykański pomór świń: epizootiologia, ekonomia i zarządzanie kryzysowe w kontekście naturalnego bądź intencjonalnego wprowadzenia (Eng. African swine fever: Epizootiology, economics and crisis management in the context of natural or intentional introduction), “Studia Administracji i Bezpieczeństwa” 2021, vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 129–153. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6752. 13 Jarynowski A., Płatek D., Sentiment analysis, topic modelling and social network analysis. COVID-19, protest movements and the Polish Tweetosphere, in: The Covid-19 Pandemic as a Challenge for Media and Communication Studies, London 2022. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003232049-21. 14 Jarynowski A., Stochmal M., Maciejewski J., Przegląd i charakterystyka prowadzonych w Polsce badań na temat społecznych uwarunkowań epidemii COVID-19 w jej początkowej fazie (Eng. Overview and characteristics of ongoing research in Poland on the social determinants of the COVID-19 epidemic in its initial chase), “Bezpieczeństwo. Obronność. Socjologia” 2020, vol. 13, pp. 38–87. 15 Jarynowski A., Wójta-Kempa M., Płatek D., Czopek K., Attempt to understand public health relevant social dimensions of COVID-19 outbreak in Poland, “Society Register” 2020, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 7–44. https://doi.org/10.14746/sr.2020.4.3.01. 16 Jedno zdrowie. Ludzie i inne gatunki (Eng. One Health. Humans and other species), H. Mamzer, P. Białas (sci.eds.), Wrocław 2022. 17 Jemielniak D., Krempovych Y., An analysis of AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and fear mongering on Twitter, “Public Health”, 2021, vol. 200, pp. 4–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2021.08.019. 18 Karimzadeh S., Bhopal R., Nguyen Tien H., Review of infective dose, routes of transmission and outcome of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-COV-2: comparison with other respiratory viruses, “Epidemiology and Infection” 2021, vol. 149, e96. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268821000790. 19 Kasprzyk R., Modelowanie i analiza procesu złośliwego sterowania ludźmi (Eng. Modelling and analysis of the process of malicious human control), in: CyberExpert 2021 – Metody i narzędzia w procesie tworzenia cyberzdolności Sił Zbrojnych RP – wyzwania i perspektywy, Warszawa 2022, pp. 9–28. 20 Keremidis H. et al., Historical Perspective on Agroterrorism: Lessons Learned from 1945 to 2012, “Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science” 2013, vol. 11, pp. 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1089/bsp.2012.0080. 21 Kiriya I., From “Troll Factories” to “Littering the Information Space”: Control Strategies Over the Russian Internet, “Media and Communication” 2021, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 16–24. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i4.4177. 22 Leitenberg M., Zilinskas R.A., The Soviet biological weapons program: A history, Cambridge 2012. 23 Lenda M. et al., Effect of the internet commerce on dispersal modes of invasive alien species, “PLoS ONE” 2014, vol. 9, no. 6, p.e99786. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099786. 24 Lenda M. et al., Misinformation,internet honey trading and beekeepers drive a plant invasion, “Ecology Letters” 2021, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 165–169. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13645. 25 Lipa J., Agroterroryzm – wyzwaniem dla kwarantanny i ochrony roślin (Eng. Agroterrorism - a challenge for quarantine and plant protection), “Progress in Plant Protection” 2006, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 162–168. 26 Lipińska A., Chińskie operacje w dobie COVID-19. Dezinformacja – metody, dziedziny i ewolucja (Eng. Chinese operations in the era of COVID-19. Disinformation - methods, fields and evolution), “Cyber Security and Law” 2022, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 61–71. 27 Maciejewski J., Grupy dyspozycyjne w systemie bezpieczeństwa państwa (Eng. Deployment groups in the state security system), XXIII International Seminar series “Social systems research methodology”, Wrocław, 7 IV 2022. 28 MacIntyre R.C. et al., Converging and emerging threats to health security, “Environment Systems and Decisions” 2018, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 198–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-017-9667-0. 29 Mamzer H., Choroba jako zjawisko społeczne. Analiza walki z afrykańskim pomorem świń (Eng. Disease as a social phenomenon. An analysis of the fight against African swine fever), “Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny” 2020, vol. 82, no. 2, pp. 281–297. https://doi.org/10.14746/rpeis.2020.82.2.19. 30 Piekarski M., Możliwe scenariusze zagrożeń terrorystycznych na terytorium Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej w kontekście zagrożeń hybrydowych (Eng. Possible terrorist threat scenarios on the territory of the Republic of Poland in the context of hybrid threats), “Terroryzm – studia, analizy, prewencja” 2022, no. 2, pp. 71–92. https://doi.org/10.4467/27204383TER.22.019.16339. 31 Richards J., Świeboda H., Gębska M., Introduction to the Special Issue section: Challenges for the state and international security – the current state and prognosis for the future, “Security and Defence Quarterly” 2022, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 1–3. https://doi.org/10.35467/sdq/147537. 32 Sequeira R., Safeguarding production agriculture and natural ecosystems against biological terrorism: A U.S. Department of Agriculture emergency response framework, “Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences” 1999, vol. 894, no. 1, pp. 48–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08043.x. 33 Szlachter D., Terroryzm w Polsce i kierunki jego rozwoju. Wyniki badań ankietowych (skrócony raport) (Eng. Terrorism in Poland and trends in its development. Survey results (summary report)), “Terrorism - studies, analyses, prevention” 2022, no. 2, pp. 353–363. https://doi.org/10.4467/27204383TER.22.022.16342. 34 Wiśniewska M., The food terrorism – the essence and the methods of systemic defense, “Journal of Modern Science” 2023, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 331–349. https://doi.org/10.13166/jms/161535. 36 Кириллов И., Тезисы брифинги начальника войск радиационной, химической и биологической защиты ВС РФ генерал-лейтенанта Игоря Кириллова (material 37 of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation collected by the author from the Telegram channel, available on request by e-mail). 38 Стегній Б., Герилович A., Бузун A., Африканська чума свиней: історія, сьогоденна та перспективи, Київ 2015. 39 Жиганова Л.П., Биотерроризм и Агротерроризм-Реальная Угроза Биобезопасности Общества, “США и Канада: Экономика, Политика, Культура” 2004, vol. 417, no. 9, p. 3–25. 41 Analiza i dekonstrukcja rosyjskich przekazów dezinformacyjnych oraz propagandowych na temat Polski i Polaków (Eng. Analysis and deconstruction of Russian disinformation and propaganda messages about Poland and Poles), 2022., https://infowarfare.pl/realizowane-projekty/ [accessed: 25 VI 2023]. 42 Barreiro Hurle J. et al., Modelling environmental and climate ambition in the agricultural sector with the CAPRI model, JRC Publications Repository, https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC121368 [accessed: 7 VIII 2022]. 43 Belik V., Jarynowski A., Elucidating the interplay of COVID-19 epidemic and social dynamics via Internet media in Germany, on-line conference “Preparedness for future pandemics from a global perspective”, 15 XI 2021, https://zenodo.org/record/6400773#.ZGRny3ZByUk [accessed: 7 VIII 2022]. 44 Bergengruen V., Tech Leaders Warn the U.S. Military Is Falling Behind China on AI, Time, 18 VII 2023, https://time.com/6295586/military-ai-warfare-alexandr-wang/ [accessed: 15 VIII 2023]. 45 Bezpieczeństwo żywnościowe (Eng. Food security), K. Mordzak (elaborated), Wrocław 2021, https://www.wojsko-polskie.pl/awl/u/50/d4/50d46baf-332b-4acb-aeb3-8f5b17777590/bezpieczenstwo_zywnosciowe.pdf [accessed: 7 VIII 2022]. 46 Black Sea Grain Initiative, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea_Grain_Initiative [accessed: 7 VIII 2022]. 47 Broń masowego rażenia, broń biologiczna, broń chemiczna, broń jądrowa. Cz. 2 (Eng. Weapons of mass destruction, biological weapons, chemical weapons, nuclear weapons. Part 2), K. Mordzak (elaborated), Wrocław 2019, https://www.wojsko-polskie.pl/awl/u/96/0c/960cad22-5698-4356-b8f5-38117fb19499/bron_cbn.pdf [accessed: 7 VIII 2022]. 48 Building resilience against agro-crime and agro-terrorism, World Organisation for Animal Health, https://www.woah.org/en/document/building-resilience-against-agrocrime-and-agro-terrorism/ [accessed: 5 III 2023]. 49 Clement S., Biological Threats: Technological Progress and the Spectre of Bioterrorism in the Post-Covid-19 Era, https://www.nato-pa.int/download-file?filename=/sites/default/files/2022-01/024%20STCTTS%2021%20E%20rev.%201%20fin%20-%20%20BIOLOGICAL%20THREATS.pdf [accessed: 8 VIII 2022]. 50 Cwynar P., Bioterroryzm – syllabus, Wrocław University of Life Sciences, 2021, https://sylabus.upwr.edu.pl/pl/document/7562fe08-5a02-4db5-8d31-d7144fdd99bb.pdf [accessed: 1 XI 2022]. 51 Debata Bezpieczeństwo żywnościowe Europy w świetle nadchodzących wyzwań (Eng. Debate on European food security in the light of upcoming challenges), https://instytutrolny.pl/debata-bezpieczenstwo-zywnosciowe-europy-w-swietle-nadchodzacych-wyzwan/ [accessed: 2 XI 2022]. Material has been archived: https://web.archive.org/web/20221104152532/https://instytutrolny.pl/debata-bezpieczenstwo-zywnosciowe-europy-w-swietle-nadchodzacych-wyzwan/. 52 EEAS, Short assessments of narratives and disinformation around the Covid-19 pandemic (update December 2020 - April 2021), EUvsDisinfo, 28 IV 2021, https://euvsdisinfo.eu/eeas-special-report-update-short-assessment-of-narratives-and-disinformation-around-the-covid-19-pandemic-update-december-2020-april-2021 [accessed: 7 VIII 2022]. 53 Dąbrowski M., Koronawirus, broń biologiczna a wojsko (Eng. Coronavirus, biological weapons and the military), Defence 24, 15 III 2020, https://defence24.pl/sily-zbrojne/koronawirus-bron-biologiczna-a-wojsko-opinia [accessed: 7 VIII 2022]. 54 Deter A., 50 vermummte Aktivisten blockieren Bocholter Schlachthof (Eng. 50 masked activists block Bocholt slaughterhouse), Topagrar, 20 VI 2022, https://www.topagrar.com/schwein/news/aktivisten-blockieren-bocholter-schlachthof-13131573.html [accessed: 7 VIII 2022]. 55 Duplaga M., Znaczenie kompetencji zdrowotnych w świecie infodemii (Eng. The importance of health literacy in a world of infodemia), Public Health Institute, https://izp.wnz.cm.uj.edu.pl/pl/blog/projekt-znaczenie-kompetencji-zdrowotnych-w-swiecie-infodemii/ [accessed: 7 VIII 2022]. 56 Germany open Hub for Pandemic and Epidemic Intelligence in Berlin, World Health Organisation, 1 IX 2021, https://www.who.int/news/item/01-09-2021-who-germany-open-hub-for-pandemic-and-epidemic-intelligence-in-berlin [accessed: 12 VIII 2022]. 57 Jarynowski A., Agro/bio-terrorism in Europe? Analysis of selected suspicious biological events (significant from the One Health perspective) after 24.02.2022, presentation, NATO BioMed Panel, 25 X 2022, http://interdisciplinary-research.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/agro_BIOTERRORISM_aj_warsaw_2022.pdf [accessed: 2 XI 2022]. 58 Jarynowski A., Disconnecting the Kaliningrad oblast and new threats from Polish perspective, “Bre Reviews” 2022, no. 3, https://sites.utu.fi/bre/disconnecting-the-kaliningrad-oblast-and-new-threats-from-polish-perspective/ [accessed: 7 VIII 2022]. 59 Jarynowski A., Dyskurs antyszczepionkowy i koronascpetyczny a prokremlowska propaganda w niemieckim Twitterze (Eng. Anti-vaccine and coronasceptic discourse and pro-Kremlin propaganda on German Twitter), Public Health Blog, 22 V 2022, https://izp.wnz.cm.uj.edu.pl/pl/blog/publikacja-dyskurs-antyszczepionkowy-i-koronascpetyczny-a-prokremlowska-propaganda-w-niemieckim-twitterze/ [accessed: 7 VIII 2022]. 60 Jarynowski A., Katastrofa na Odrze ukazała dysfunkcjonalność działania instytucji państwa (Eng. The disaster on the Oder river has demonstrated the dysfunctionality of state institutions), “Nowa Konfederacja”, 22 VIII 2022, https://nowakonfederacja.pl/katastrofa-na-odrze-ukazala-dysfunkcjonalnosc-dzialania-instytucji-panstwa/ [accessed: 2 XI 2022]. 61 Jarynowski A., Pro-Kremlin German Twitter users are more likely to be involved in both anti-lockdown and anti-vaccine discourse than Anti-Kremlin users, preprint, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4079045 [accessed: 7 VIII 2022]. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4079045. 62 Jarynowski A., (Re-)Emergence of agroterrorism during the food crisis, presentation, NATO Centre of Excellence for Military Medicine, 20 VII 2022, https://zenodo.org/record/6969341 [accessed: 2 XI 2022]. 63 Jarynowski A., Belik V., African Swine Fever (ASF) Virus propagation in Poland  (Spatio-temporal  analysis),  preprint,  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338436134_African_Swine_Fever_ASF_Virus_propagation_in_Poland_Spatio-temporal_analysis [accessed: 7 VIII 2022]. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.29807.6167. 64 Jarynowski A., Belik V., Spatio-temporal analysis of African Swine Fever Spread in Poland with network perspective, preprint, https://www.academia.edu/43262326/Multilayer_network_approach_to_African_Swine_Fever_Spread_in_Poland [accessed: 12 VIII 2022]. 65 Jarynowski A., Grabowski A., Modelowanie epidemiologiczne dedykowane Polsce (Eng. Epidemiological modelling dedicated to Poland), Portal CZM, 2015, http://www.czm.mif.pg.gda.pl/wp-content/uploads/fam/publ/jarynowski2.pdf [accessed: 7 VIII 2022]. 66 Jarynowski A. et al., African Swine Fever – potential biological warfare threat, preprint, https://easychair.org/publications/preprint/vjFf [accessed: 7 VIII 2022]. 67 Jarynowski A. et al., Animal breeders protests in Polish Twitter - preliminary research, preprint, http://interdisciplinary-research.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/animal_related_protests_in_twitter_preprint_pdf.pdf [accessed: 7 VIII 2022]. 68 Jarynowski A., Krzowski Ł., BIO (AGRO) Terrorism/Crime in post-covid era in context of massive scale dissemination of microbiology/epidemiology knowledge, “DiMiMED – International Conference on Disaster and Military Medicine”, Düsseldorf, 15-16 XI 2021, https://events.military-medicine.com/media/landingpage/25/attachment-1639063402.pdf [accessed: 7 VIII 2022]. 69 Jarynowski A., Krzowski Ł., Maksymowicz S., Biological mis(dis)-information in the Internet as a possible Kremlin warfare (working version), https://zenodo.org/record/8081493 [accessed: 26 VI 2023]. 70 Jarynowski A., Lopez-Nunez F., Fan H., How network temporal dynamics shape a mutualistic system with invasive species?, preprint, https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1407/1407.4334.pdf, [accessed: 7 VIII 2022]. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1407.4334. 71 Jarynowski A., Semenov A., Belik V., Perception of infectious diseases with animal and humans hosts on the Polish internet, Proceedings of 20th Congress of the International Society for Animal Hygiene, Berlin, 5–7 X 2022, http://interdisciplinary-research.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Abstract-form-ISAH_jarynowski_corr.pdf [accessed: 7 XI 2022]. 72 Kessler G., How the right embraced Russian disinformation about ‘U.S. bioweapons labs’ in Ukraine, “The Washington Post”, 11 III 2022, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/03/11/how-right-embraced-russian-disinformation-about-us-bioweapons-labs-ukraine/ [accessed: 7 VIII 2022]. 73 Kędzierski M., Integracja czy połączenie. Analiza możliwości zwiększenia efektywności działania inspekcji weterynaryjnej oraz ochrony roślin i nasiennictwa (Eng. Integration or merger. An analysis of options to increase the efficiency of the veterinary and plant protection and seed inspections), https://efrwp.pl/publikacje/integracja-czy-polaczenie-analiza-mozliwosci-zwiekszenia-efektywnosci-dzialania-inspekcji-weterynaryjnej-oraz-ochrony-roslin-i-nasiennictwa/ [accessed: 7 VIII 2022]. 74 Kołodziejczyk A., Maciejewski J., Pieńkowski P., Grupy dyspozycyjne w dobie pandemii Covid-19 (Eng. Deployment groups in the era of the Covid-19 pandemic), XVIII Sociological Convention, Warszawa, 2022, https://zjazdpts.pl/grupy/grupy-dyspozycyjne-w-dobie-pandemii-covid-19/ [accessed: 2 XI 2022]. 75 Lentzow F., Littlewood J., Russia finds another stage for the Ukraine “biolabs” disinformation show, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 8 VII 2022, https://thebulletin.org/2022/07/russia-finds-another-stage-for-the-ukraine-biolabs-disinformation-show/ [accessed: 12 VIII 2022]. 76 Maksymowicz S., Atak biologiczny i agroterrorystyczny na Polskę. Jakie scenariusze są prawdopodobne? (Eng. Biological and agroterrorist attack on Poland. What scenarios are likely?), Nowa Konfederacja, 31 V 2022, https://nowakonfederacja.pl/atak-biologiczny-i-agroterrorystyczny-na-polske-jakie-scenariusze-sa-prawdopodobne/ [accessed: 7 XI 2022]. 77 Marek M., Rosyjska dezinformacja w Polsce – cele i przekazy (Eng. Russian disinformation in Poland - targets and messages), Centrum Badań nad Współczesnym Środowiskiem Bezpieczeństwa, 30 III 2022, https://infowarfare.pl/2022/03/30/rosyjska-dezinformacja-w-polsce-cele-i-przekazy/ [accessed: 7 VIII 2022]. 78 Monke J., Agroterrorism: Threats and preparedness, https://sgp.fas.org/crs/terror/RL32521.pdf [accessed: 7 VIII 2022]. 79 Normile D., African swine fever keeps spreading in Asia, threatening food security, “Science”, 2019 r., https://www.science.org/content/article/african-swine-fever-keeps-spreading-asia-threatening-food-security [accessed: 7 VIII 2022]. 80 OiE, Classification of diseases notifiable, https://www.oie.int/en/animal-health-in-the-world/the-world-animal-health-information-system/old-classification-of-diseases-notifiable-to-the-oie-list-a/ [accessed: 29 VII 2022]. 81 Radziejewski B., Widmo krąży po świecie. Widmo głodu (Eng. A spectre looms over the world. The spectre of hunger), Nowa Konfederacja, 25 V 2022, https://nowakonfederacja.pl/widmo-krazy-po-swiecie-widmo-glodu/ [accessed: 7 VIII 2022]. 82 Special Eurobarometer: Antimicrobial resistance (in the EU), Directorate General for Communication, European Union, 2018, https://data.europa.eu/data/datasets/s2190_90_1_478_eng?locale=en [accessed: 26 VI 2023]. 83 Strategia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (Eng. National Security Strategy of the Republic of Poland), https://www.bbn.gov.pl/ftp/dokumenty/Strategia_Bezpieczenstwa_Narodowego_RP_2020.pdf  [accessed: 13 III 2023]. 84 Tajemnicze nasiona w paczkach z Chin (Eng. Mystery seeds in packages from China), Polsat News, 5 VIII 2020, https://www.polsatnews.pl/wiadomosc/2020-08-05/tajemnicze-nasiona-w-paczkach-z-chin-zidentyfikowano-14-gatunkow-roslin/ [accessed: 7 VIII 2022]. 85 What next for vaccine diplomacy?, “The Economist”, 3 V 2021, https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/q2-global-forecast-2021/ [accessed: 7 VIII 2022]. 86 Wojskowe Ośrodki Medycyny Prewencyjnej (Eng. Military Preventive Medicine Centres), https://www.gov.pl/web/obrona-narodowa/wojskowe-osrodki-medycyny-prewencyjnej [accessed: 2 III 2023]. 87 W okresie ostatnich 48 godzin dynamicznie rośnie zagrożenie dezinformacyjne w tematyce wydarzeń #Ukraina #Rosja w polskiej przestrzeni internetowej (Eng. In the last 48 hours, the disinformation threat in the topic of #Ukraine #Russia events in the Polish online space has been growing dynamically), IBIMS, https://ibims.pl/komunikat-ws-szerzenia-dezinformacji-ws-sytuacji-na-ukrainie-w-polskiej-przestrzeni-internetowej/ [accessed: 7 VIII 2022]. 88 Xia Wei et al., How One Pandemic Led To Another: Asfv, the Disruption Contributing To Sars-Cov-2 Emergence in Wuhan, preprint, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349628301_How_One_Pandemic_Led_To_Another_Asfv_the_Disruption_Contributing_To_Sars-Cov-2_Emergence_in_Wuhan [accessed: 7 VIII 2022]. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202102.0590.v1. 89 Zarażone ASF dziki spadają z nieba? Mające być dowodem zdjęcie budzi poważne wątpliwości (Eng. ASF-infected wild boars fall from the sky? The supposed proof photo raises serious doubts), Lublin112.pl, 22 VII 2018, https://www.lublin112.pl/zarazone-asf-dziki-spadaja-nieba-majace-byc-dowodem-zdjecie-budzi-powazne-watpliwosci/ [accessed: 7 VIII 2022]. 91 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction, done at Moscow, London and Washington on 10 April 1972 (Journal of Laws 1976 No. 1 item 1). 92 Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, concerning the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I) and the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II), drawn up in Geneva on 8 June 1977 (Journal of Laws 1992, No. 41, item 175.). 93 Protocol concerning the prohibition of the use of asphyxiating, poisonous or similar gases and bacteriological agents in war (Journal of Laws 1929, No. 28, item 278).