1732-8160 *Hydra, Nasality and Palatalization in Polish Zdziebko Sławomir author Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II Correspondence to: Sławomir Zdziebko s.zdziebko86@gmail.com 28 04 2023 Vol. 17, Issue 4 Volume 17 (2022) 177 216 Copyright © 2023 2023 <p>The paper proposes that the phonological make-up of segments is influenced by the activity of the constraint *<span style="color: #000000;">Hydra</span>, which penalizes the presence of more than one headed element per one phonological expression. *<span style="color: #000000;"><span>Hydra</span> </span>influences the shape of the inventories and the phonological behaviour of nasal vowels in languages such as French and Brazilian Portuguese. At the same time, the behaviour of nasal vowels in Yoruba shows that *<span style="color: #000000;"><span>Hydra</span> </span>a violable constraint. In Polish, the high ranking of *<span style="color: #000000;"><span>Hydra</span> </span>proves necessary to account for the absence of Surface Velar Palatalization before the front nasal vowel /ɛ/. It also allows us to formulate a unified account of the 1st Velar and Anterior Palatalization, which have very different structural descriptions but take place before the same set of derivational affixes.</p> 1 Archangeli Diana, Pulleyblank Douglas (1989). Yoruba vowel harmony. Linguistic Inquiry 20, 173–217. 2 Backley Phillip (2011). An Introduction to Element Theory. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 3 Battisti Elisa, de Oliveira Samuel Gomes (2019). Elevação da vogal /a/ em contexto nasal em Português Brasileiro: estudo preliminar. [The raising of vowel /a/ in the nasal context in Brazilian Portuguese: preliminary study]. Lingüística 35 (1), 35–55. 4 Bisol Leda, Veloso Joăo (2016). Phonological processes affecting vowels: Neutralization, harmony, and nasalization. In The Handbook of Portuguese Linguistics, W. Leo Wetzels, Joăo Costa, Sergio Menuzzi (eds.), 69–85. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell. 5 Blake Allen, Pulleyblank Douglas, Ajíbójè Ọládiípọ̀ (2013). Articulatory mapping of Yoruba vowels: an ultrasound study. Phonology 30 (2), 183–210. 6 Botma Bert (2004), Phonological Aspects of Nasality: An Element-based Dependency Approach. Utrecht: LOT Press. 7 Breit Florian (2017). Melodic heads, saliency, and strength in voicing and nasality. Glossa: A journal of general linguistics 2 (1), 85, 1–35. 8 Cavirani Edoardo (2022). Silent lateral actors: The role of unpronounced nuclei in morphophonological analyses. The Linguistic Review 39 (4), 615–653. 9 Charette Monik (1991). Conditions on Phonological Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10 Charette Monik, Göksel Asli (1996). Vowel harmony and switching in Turkic languages. In A Festschrift for Edmund Gussmann from His Friends and Colleagues, Henryk Kardela, Bogdan Szymanek (eds.), 29–56. Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL. 11 Charette Monik, Göksel Asli(1998). Licensing constraints and vowel harmony in Turkic languages. In Structure and Interpretation in Phonology: Studies in Phonology, Eugeniusz Cyran (ed.), PASE Studies and Monographs 4, 65–88. Lublin: Folium. 12 Charette Monik (forthcoming). Headedness, |A| &amp; Head-Alignment: Capturing the Properties of the Vowels of Montreal French. Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics. 13 Cobb Margaret (1997). Conditions on Nuclear Expressions in Phonology. PhD thesis, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, London. 14 Cyran Eugeniusz (2010). Complexity Scales and Licensing in Phonology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 15 Cyran Eugeniusz (2014). Between Phonology and Phonetics: Polish voicing. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 16 Czaplicki Bartłomiej (2013). Arbitrariness in grammar: Palatalization effects in Polish. Lingua 123, 31–57. 17 Czaykowska-Higgins Ewa (1988). Investigations into Polish Morphology and Phonology. PhD thesis. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 18 Czaykowska-Higgins Ewa (1992). Placelessness, markedness and polish nasals. Linguistic Inquiry 23, 139–146. 19 Ćavar Małgorzata (2004). Palatalization in Polish: An Interaction of Articulatory and Perceptual factors. PhD thesis. University of Potsdam. 20 Ćavar Małgorzata (2007). [ATR] in Polish. Journal of Slavic Linguistics 15 (2), 207–228. 21 De Castro-Arrazola Varun, Cavirani Edoardo, Linke Kathrin, Torres-Tamarit Francesc (2015). A typological study of vowel interactions in Basque. Isogloss 1 (2), 147–177. 22 Dressler Wolfgang U. (1985). Morphonology: The Dynamics of Derivation. Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers. 23 Féry Caroline (2003). Markedness, faithfulness, vowel quality and syllable structure in French. Journal of French Language Studies 13 (2), 1–33. 24 Firchow Irwin, Firchow Jacqueline (1969). An abbreviated phoneme inventory. Anthropological Linguistics 11, 271–276. 25 Górnowicz Hubert (1971) Zmiękczenie spółgłosek tylnojęzykowych w gwarach północnopolskich. [Palatalization of velar consonants in the Northern Polish dialects]. Rozprawy Komisji Językowej Łódzkiego Towarzystwa Naukowego XXVII, 31–55. 26 Gussmann Edmund (1978). Contrastive Polish-English Consonantal Phonology. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. 27 Gussmann Edmund (1980). Studies in Abstract Phonology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 28 Gussmann Edmund (1992). Back to front: Nonlinear palatalisations and vowels in Polish. In Phonological Investigations, Jacek Fisiak, Stanisław Puppel (eds.), 5–66. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 29 Gussmann Edmund (2007). The Phonology of Polish. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 30 Harris John (1994). English Sound Structure. London: Blackwell. 31 Harris John, Lindsay Goeff (1995). The elements of phonological representation. In Frontiers of Phonology: Atoms, Structures, Derivations, Jacques Durand, Francis Katamba (eds.), 34–79. London–New York: Longman. 32 Itô Junko, Mester Armin (1999). Realignment. In The prosody-morphology interface, Rene Kager, Harry van der Hulst, Wim Zonneveld (eds.), 188–217. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 33 Kaye Jonathan (2001). Working with licensing constraints. In Constraints and Preferences, Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk (ed.), 251–268. Berlin–New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 34 Kaye Jonathan, Lowenstamm Jean, Vergnaud Jean-Roger (1985). The internal structure of phonological segments: A theory of charm and government, Phonology Yearbook 2, 305–328. 35 Kenstowicz Michael, Filomena Sandalo (2016). Pretonic vowel reduction in Brazilian Portuguese: Harmony and dispersion. Journal of Portuguese Linguistics 15 (6), 1–19. 36 Laskowski Roman (1975). Studia nad morfonologią współczesnego języka polskiego. Wrocław: Ossolineum. 37 Lorenc Anita (2018). Articulatory characteristics of Polish retroflex sibilants. Analysis using electromagnetic articulograph. Logopedia 47(2), 131–149. 38 Mateus Maria Elena, D’Andrade Ernesto (2000). The Phonology of Portuguese. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 39 McCarthy John, Prince J. Alan (1993) Prosodic Morphology: constraint interaction and satisfaction. Available at https://scholarworks.umass.edu/linguist_faculty_pubs/14/. Accessed December 29, 2018. 40 Nasukawa Kunya (1998). An integrated approach to nasality and voicing. In Structure and Interpretation, Eugeniusz Cyran (ed.), 205–225. Lublin: Wydawnictwo Folium. 41 Nasukawa Kunya (2005). A Unified Approach to Nasality and Voicing. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 42 Nasukawa Kuniya, Backley Phillip (2008). Affrication as performance device. Phonological Studies 11, 35–46. 43 Oostendorp Marc van (2006). A theory of morphosyntactic colours. Ms, Meertens Institute, Amsterdam. Available at http://egg.auf.net/06/docs/Hdt%20Oostendorp%20coulours.pdf. Accessed May 14, 2015. 44 Oostendorp Marc van (2007). Derived Environment Effects and Consistency of Exponence. In Freedom of Analysis?, Sylvia Blaho, Patrick Bye, Martin Krämer (eds.), 123–148. Berlin–New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 45 Ọrie Ọlanikẹ Ọla (2001). An alignment-based account of vowel harmony in Ifk Yoruba. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 22, 117–143. 46 Ọrie Ọlanikẹ Ọla (2014). Theories of nasal vowel representation and nasal vowel asymmetries in Yoruba borrowings. Unpublished Manuscript. Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, USA. 47 Ploch Stefan (1999). Nasals on my Mind: The Phonetic and the Cognitive Approach to the Phonology of Nasality. Ph.D. thesis. School of Oriental and African Studies. 48 Ploch Stefan (2000). The phonological merger of the acoustic percepts [low tone] and [nasal]. SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics 10, 385–416. 49 Polgárdi Krisztina (1998). Vowel harmony. An Account in Terms of Government and Optimality. The Hague: Holland Academic Graphics. 50 Pulleyblank Douglas (1988). Vocalic underspecification in Yoruba. Linguistic Inquiry 19, 233–270. 51 Rice Keren (1996). Default variability: The coronal-velar relationship. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 14, 493–543. 52 Revithiadou Anthi (2007). Colored turbid accents and containment: A case study from lexical stress. In Freedom of Analysis?, Sylvia Blaho, Patrick Bye &amp; Martin Krämer (eds.), 149–173. Berlin–New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 53 Rubach Jerzy (1984). Cyclic and Lexical Phonology: The Structure of Polish. Dordrecht: Foris. 54 Rubach Jerzy (2003). Duke-of-York derivations in Polish. Linguistic Inquiry 34, 601–629. 55 Rubach Jerzy (2017). Derivational meanders of high vowel palatalization. Lingua 199, 1–26. 56 Rubach Jerzy (2019). Surface Velar Palatalization in Polish. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 37, 1421–1462. 57 Rydzewski Paweł (2016). A Polish argument for the underlying status of [ɨ]. Studies in Polish Linguistics 11, 111–131. 58 Sawicka Irena (1995). Fonologia. [Phonology]. In Gramatyka współczesnego języka polskiego, fonetyka i fonologia. [The Grammar of Contemporary Polish], Henryk WRÓBEL (ed.), 105–195. Kraków: Wydawnictwo IJP PAN. 59 Scheer Tobias (2004). A Lateral Theory of Phonology. What Is CVCV and Why Should It Be? Berlin–New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 60 Schwartz Geoffrey (2013). Representational ambiguity in Polish palatalization. In: Ambiguity – Multifaceted Structures in Syntax, Morphology, and Phonology, Anna Bondaruk, Anna Malicka-Kleparska (eds.), 271–298. Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL. 61 Spencer Andrew (1986). A nonlinear analysis of vowelzero alternations in Polish. Journal of Linguistics 22, 249–280. 62 Szpyra Jolanta (1995) Three tiers in Polish and English phonology. Lublin: Wydawnictwo UMSC. 63 Torres-Tamarit Francesc (2016). Servigliano revisited: An examination from constraint-based serialism. Journal of Linguistics 52, 689–708. 64 Trommer Johen, Zimmermann Eva (2014) Generalised mora affixation and quantity-manipulating morphology. Phonology 31, 463–510. 65 Walker Caitlin (1995). ATR-harmony as h-licensing. SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics &amp; Phonetics 5, 107–120. 66 Wetzels W. Leo (1995). Mid-vowel alternations in the Brazilian Portuguese verb. Phonology 12 (2), 281–304. 67 Wetzels W. Leo (1997). The lexical representation of nasality in Brazilian Portuguese. Probus: International Journal of Latin and Romance Linguistics, 9 (2), 203–232. 68 Wierzchowska Bożena (1980). Fonetyka i fonologia języka polskiego. [The Phonetics and Phonology of Polish]. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy Imienia Ossolińskich, Wydawnictwo PAN. 69 Wiśniewski Marek (2000). Zarys fonetyki i fonologii współczesnego języka polskiego. [The Outline of the Phonetics and Phonology of Contemporary Polish]. Toruń: Wydawnictwo UMK. 70 Wolf Matthew (2005). An autosegmental theory of quirky mutations. In Proceedings of the 24th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, John Alderete, Chunghye Han, Alexei Kochetov (eds.), 370–378. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. 71 Yétúndé Fọlàrín, Schleicher Antonia (2008). Colloquial Yoruba. New York–London: Routledge. 72 Zimmermann Eva, Trommer Johen (2016). The Typology of Opacity and Containment Theory. Paper presented at the LAGB Annual Meeting, York, September 16th. 73 Zdziebko Sławomir (2015). A generalized nonlinear affixation approach to Polish palatalizations. Studies in Polish Linguistics 10 (1), 17–55. 74 Zdziebko Sławomir (in press). Optimal place specification, element headedness and the surface velar palatalization in Polish. The Linguistic Review 40 (1), 131–171.