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                        <journal-meta>
            <issn>1644-3586</issn>
                                </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <title-group>
                                    <article-title>Niestacjonarność przebiegu temperatury powietrza nad obszarem Europy – zmiana reżimu termicznego w Europie w latach 1987–1989 i jej przyczyny</article-title>
                                    <article-title>Non-stationary of the air temperature course over Europe – change of the thermal regime in Europe in 1987–1989 and its causes</article-title>
                            </title-group>

                        <contrib-group>
                                                            <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
                            <name>
                                <surname>Marsz</surname>
                                <given-names>Andrzej A.</given-names>
                            </name>
                            <role>author</role>
                                                                                                                                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                                                                                        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor-1"/>
                        </contrib>
                                            <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
                            <name>
                                <surname>Styszyńska</surname>
                                <given-names>Anna </given-names>
                            </name>
                            <role>author</role>
                                                                                                                                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
                                                                                        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor-2"/>
                        </contrib>
                                                </contrib-group>

                                                                                        <aff id="aff-1">
                    <institution-wrap>
                        <institution>Polskie Towarzystwo Geofizyczne, Oddział Bałtycki</institution>
                                            </institution-wrap>
                </aff>
                                                                                            <aff id="aff-2">
                    <institution-wrap>
                        <institution>Stowarzyszenie Klimatologów Polskich</institution>
                                            </institution-wrap>
                </aff>
                            
            <author-notes>
                                    <corresp id="cor-1">Correspondence to: Andrzej A. Marsz <email>aamarsz127@gmail.com</email></corresp>
                                    <corresp id="cor-2">Correspondence to: Anna  Styszyńska <email>astys19@wp.pl</email></corresp>
                            </author-notes>

                            <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2023-03-31">
                    <day>31</day>
                    <month>03</month>
                    <year>2023</year>
                </pub-date>
            
            <volume>Zeszyt 170</volume>
            <issue>2023</issue>
                        <fpage>9</fpage>
                                    <lpage>46</lpage>
            
            <permissions>
                <copyright-statement>Copyright &#x00A9; 2023</copyright-statement>
                                    <copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
                            </permissions>

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    <body>
        &lt;p&gt;W pracy omówiono zmiany średniej rocznej temperatury powietrza nad Europą w latach 1931–2020. Wyniki badań wykazują, że w latach 1987–1989 nastąpiła nad Europą nagła zmiana reżimu termicznego i w przebiegu tego elementu klimatycznego pojawiła się nieciągłość. W latach 1931–1988, mimo dużej zmienności międzyrocznej, trend temperatury był zerowy. Dodatni, statystycznie istotny, trend temperatury pojawił się po roku 1988. Całe ocieplenie Europy, które może być szacowane na ~2,3 deg, nastąpiło po roku 1988. Przyczyną wystąpienia nieciągłości w przebiegu była radykalna zmiana warunków makrocyrkulacyjnych w atlantycko-eurazjatyckim sektorze cyrkulacyjnym, która przejawia się jako zasadnicza zmiana frekwencji makrotypów cyrkulacji środkowotroposferycznej (500 hPa) według klasyfikacji Wangengejma-Girsa, powodująca równie zasadniczą zmianę struktury pogód. Zmiana warunków makrocyrkulacyjnych została wymuszona przez zmianę stanu termicznego Atlantyku Północnego – gwałtowny wzrost intensywności oceanicznego transportu ciepła na północ. Analiza wykazała, że zmienność temperatury rocznej nad Europą nastąpiła głównie pod wpływem działania procesów naturalnych, które objaśniają ~65% jej wariancji. Wymuszenie radiacyjne, będące funkcją antropogenicznego wzrostu koncentracji CO2 w atmosferze, objaśnia zaledwie 7–8% zmienności średniej rocznej temperatury nad Europą, stanowiąc w kształtowaniu jej zmian czynnik drugo- lub trzeciorzędny.&lt;/p&gt;
    </body>
    <back>
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