<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xml:lang="en"
    xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
    xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
    <processing-meta tagset-family="jats" base-tagset="publishing" mathml-version="2.0" table-model="xhtml"/>
    <front>
                        
                        <journal-meta>
            <issn>1895-975X</issn>
                                </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <title-group>
                                    <article-title>From Braille Code to Smart Book Readers: Technology as a Tool for Reading Emancipation of the Visually Impaired Persons</article-title>
                            </title-group>

                        <contrib-group>
                                                            <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
                            <name>
                                <surname>Albin</surname>
                                <given-names>Kamila </given-names>
                            </name>
                            <role>author</role>
                                                                                                                                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                                                                                        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor-1"/>
                        </contrib>
                                                </contrib-group>

                                                                                        <aff id="aff-1">
                    <institution-wrap>
                        <institution>Uniwersytet Warszawski</institution>
                                                    <institution-id institution-id-type="ROR">039bjqg32</institution-id>
                                            </institution-wrap>
                </aff>
                            
            <author-notes>
                                    <corresp id="cor-1">Correspondence to: Kamila  Albin <email>k.albin@uw.edu.pl</email></corresp>
                            </author-notes>

                            <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2022-10-07">
                    <day>07</day>
                    <month>10</month>
                    <year>2022</year>
                </pub-date>
            
            <volume>Numer 3 (53) Technology between empowerment and exclusion</volume>
            <issue>2022</issue>
                        <fpage>459</fpage>
                                    <lpage>475</lpage>
            
            <permissions>
                <copyright-statement>Copyright &#x00A9; 2022</copyright-statement>
                                    <copyright-year>2022</copyright-year>
                            </permissions>

            <funding-group specific-use="Crossref">
                <funding-statement></funding-statement>
            </funding-group>
        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <body>
        &lt;p&gt;This paper illustrates how, over the course of the last two centuries, the autonomous access of the visually impaired to reading material has expanded. The author coins the term “reading emancipation” to describe these processes. She illustrates it by referring to her own research involving in-depth interviews with the visually impaired readers regarding the use of various forms of books, such as books printed in Braille, talking books and e-books. The author also traces the historical background of the transformation of alternative book formats, from the development and spread of Braille code to digital books. The description of the evolution of book formats is set against the background of the transformations taking place in Europe with a strong emphasis on the impact of these transformations on Poland.&lt;/p&gt;
    </body>
    <back>
                    <ref-list>
                                                                                <ref id="B1">
                            <label>1</label>
                            <article-title>Babbie E., The Practice of Social Research, 12th ed., Wadsworth Publishing, Belmont 2010.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B2">
                            <label>2</label>
                            <article-title>Beksa J. et al., Usability Study of Blind Foundation’s Alexa Library Skill, “Journal on Technology and Persons with Disabilities” 2020, vol. 15, pp. 104–118.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B3">
                            <label>3</label>
                            <article-title>Biuro ds. Osób z Niepełnosprawnościami Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Adaptacja materiałów dydaktycznych, https://bon.uw.edu.pl/uslugi/adaptacja-materialow-dydaktycznych/ (accessed: 31.05.2022).</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B4">
                            <label>4</label>
                            <article-title>Czerwińska M., Książka niewidomego [in:] T. Pilch (ed.), Encyklopedia pedagogiczna XXI wieku, Żak, Warszawa 2003, pp. 849–858.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B5">
                            <label>5</label>
                            <article-title>Czerwińska M., Pismo i książka w systemie L. Braille’a w Polsce. Historia i funkcje rewalidacyjne, Stowarzyszenie Bibliotekarzy Polskich, Warszawa 1999.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B6">
                            <label>6</label>
                            <article-title>Dederko T. et al., Biblioteka Centralna Polskiego Związku Niewidomych. Przeszłość, teraźniejszość, przyszłość [in:] M. Czerwińska, T. Dederko (eds.), Niewidomi w świecie książek i bibliotek. Wybrane zagadnienia, Oficyna Wydawnicza STON 2, Kielce 2008, pp. 127–134.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B7">
                            <label>7</label>
                            <article-title>Dobransky K., Hargittaib K.E., Unrealized Potential: Exploring the Digital Disability Divide, “Poetics” 2016, vol. 58, pp. 18–28. DOI: 10.1016/j.poetic.2016.08.003.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B8">
                            <label>8</label>
                            <article-title>Fedorowicz M., Specjalne materiały czytelnicze dla osób niepełnosprawnych. Zarys dziejów – formy – obieg społeczny, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, Toruń2002.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B9">
                            <label>9</label>
                            <article-title>Figiel W., Levelling the Playing Field with (In)accessible Technologies? How Technological Revolution Has Changed the Working Conditions of Blind Translators, “Między Oryginałem a Przekładem”2018, vol. 24, no. 3 (41), pp. 75–88, https://journals.akademicka.pl/moap/article/view/224 (accessed: 31.05.2022).</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B10">
                            <label>10</label>
                            <article-title>Hammersley M., Atkinson P., Ethnography: Principles in Practice, 4th ed., Routledge, Abingdon 2019.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B11">
                            <label>11</label>
                            <article-title>Hersh M., Johnson M. (eds.), Technology for Visually Impaired and Blind People, Springer, London 2008.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B12">
                            <label>12</label>
                            <article-title>History of the Blind, https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-the-blind-1996241/The-blind-during-the-Enlightenment (accessed: 31.05.2022).</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B13">
                            <label>13</label>
                            <article-title>Kerscher G., Luceno V., Leith L., Accessible DAISY Multimedia: Making Reading Easier for All [in:] R. Manduchi, S. Kurniawan (eds.), Assistive Technology for Blindness and Low Vision, CRC Press–Taylor &amp;amp; Francis Group, New York 2012, pp. 293–314.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B14">
                            <label>14</label>
                            <article-title>Kleiner A., A Description of The Kurzweil Reading Machine and a Status Report on its Testing and Dissemination, https://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/77/14/1/kleiner.pdf (accessed: 31.05.2022).</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B15">
                            <label>15</label>
                            <article-title>Krzemkowska Z., Ludwik Braille i jego dzieło, referat wygłoszony na inauguracji Międzynarodowego Roku Braille’a w Polsce, 3.12.2008, http://www.brajl.pzn.org.pl/ (accessed: 31.05.2022).</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B16">
                            <label>16</label>
                            <article-title>Manley L., Holley R.P., History of the Ebook: The Changing Face of Books, “Technical Services Quarterly” 2012, vol. 29 (4), pp. 292–311. DOI: 10.1080/07317131.2012.705731.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B17">
                            <label>17</label>
                            <article-title>Mellor C.M., Louis Braille: A Touch of Genius, National Braille Press, Boston 2006.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B18">
                            <label>18</label>
                            <article-title>Nordstrom B.H., The History of the Education of the Blind and Deaf, United States Department of Education, 1986, https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED309614 (accessed: 31.05.2022).</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B19">
                            <label>19</label>
                            <article-title>Paplińska M., Niewidomy czytelnik – cyfrowy tubylec czy brajlowski analfabeta? O kryzysie umiejętności czytania dotykowego [in:] K. Czerwińska, M. Paplińska, M. Walkiewicz-Krutak (eds.), Tyflopedagogika wobec współczesnej przestrzeni edukacyjno-rehabilitacyjnej, APS, Warszawa 2015, pp. 179–195.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B20">
                            <label>20</label>
                            <article-title>Piekarski S., Wszystko o Akademickiej Bibliotece Cyfrowej, 1.06.2017, https://bon.uw.edu.pl/wszystko-o-akademickiej-bibliotece-cyfrowej/ (accessed: 31.05.2022).</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B21">
                            <label>21</label>
                            <article-title>Rubery M. (ed.), Audiobooks, Literature, and Sound Studies, Routledge, New York–London 2011.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B22">
                            <label>22</label>
                            <article-title>Rubery M., The Untold Story of the Talking Book, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 2016.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B23">
                            <label>23</label>
                            <article-title>Rynek audiobooków w Polsce, 9.12.2020, https://rynek-ksiazki.pl/aktualnosci/rynek-audiobookow-w-polsce/ (accessed: 31.05.2022).</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B24">
                            <label>24</label>
                            <article-title>Sawyer S.K., Electronic Books: Their Definition, Usage and Role in Libraries, “LIBRES: Library and Information Science Research, Electronic Journal” 2002, vol. 12 (2), pp. 1–28.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B25">
                            <label>25</label>
                            <article-title>Spychalski D., Niewidomi i książki w 40-leciu, “Bibliotekarz” 1984, no. 9/10, pp. 240–247.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B26">
                            <label>26</label>
                            <article-title>Srihari S.N, Shekhawat A., Lam S.W., Optical Character Recognition (OCR), Encyclopedia of Computer Science, January 2003, pp. 1326–1333, https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/1074100.1074664 (accessed: 31.05.2022).</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B27">
                            <label>27</label>
                            <article-title>Statystyki Działu Zbiorów dla Niewidomych, https://wypozycz.dzdn.pl/wol/ (accessed: 31.05.2022).</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B28">
                            <label>28</label>
                            <article-title>Tomerska D., Ludzie studia nagrań, cz. 1, “Pochodnia” 1998, no. 1.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B29">
                            <label>29</label>
                            <article-title>Tomerska D., Ludzie studia nagrań, cz. 2, “Pochodnia” 1998, no. 3.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B30">
                            <label>30</label>
                            <article-title>Walter N., Nowe media dla niewidomych i słabowidzących, Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, Poznań2006.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B31">
                            <label>31</label>
                            <article-title>What Is Refreshable Braille Anyway?, 22.02.2018, https://wcblind.org/2018/02/what-is-refreshable-braille-anyway/ (accessed: 31.05.2022).</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B32">
                            <label>32</label>
                            <article-title>Woźniczka-Paruzel B., Bibliotekarz w sieci stereotypów i uprzedzeń – o postawach wobec osób z niepełnosprawnością czytelniczą, “Toruńskie Studia Bibliologiczne” 2010, no. 1 (4), pp. 23–41.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B33">
                            <label>33</label>
                            <article-title>Zadrożny J., Czytanie książek na iPhone, http://www.trakt.org.pl/czytanie-ksiazek-na-iphone-jacek-zadrozny/ (accessed: 31.05.2022).</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                </ref-list>
            </back>
</article>
