%0 Journal Article
%T For a Tin Ingot: The Archaeology of Oral Interpretation
%A Chrobak, Marzena
%J Przekładaniec
%V Issues in English
%R 10.4467/16891864ePC.13.039.1456
%N Special Issue 2013 – Selection from the Archives
%P 87-101
%K interpreting, archaeology, archaeological evidence, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Crete, Carthage, Bronze Age, Near East
%@ 1425-6851
%D 2013
%U https://ejournals.eu/en/journal/przekladaniec/article/for-a-tin-ingot-the-archaeology-of-oral-interpretation
%X 
	This paper, based on research conducted by the pioneers of the history of
	oral interpreting (A. Hermann, I. Kurz) in the 1950s and on modern archaeological
	evidence, presents the earliest references to interpreters in the Bronze Age, in the Near
	East and the Mediterranean area (Mesopotamia, Egypt, Crete, Carthage). It discusses
	a Sumerian Early Dynastic List, a Sumerian-Eblaic glossary from Ebla, the Shu-ilishu’s
	Cylinder Seal, the inscriptions and reliefs from the Tombs of the Princes of Elephantine
	and of Horemheb, the mention of one-third of a mina of tin dispensed at Ugarit to the
	interpreter of Minoan merchants and the Hanno’s stele, as well as terms used by these
	early civilisations to denote an interpreter: eme-bal, targumannu, jmy-r(A) aw, and mls.