@article{92c48fdc-dc9f-46f4-8a2d-0c017d92b9f0,
author = {Krzysztof Bizio},
title = {The genesis and directions of development of recreational areas in the urban composition of modernist housing estates. Part 1 – European modernism before World War II},
journal = {Housing Environment},
volume = {2016},
number = {17/2016},
year = {2016},
issn = {1731-2442},
pages = {4-14},keywords = {Residential architecture; modernism; urban composition; recreational areas},
abstract = {The subject of the article is the description of the genesis and directions of development of recreational areas in the urban composition of modernist housing complexes befor World War II. As the starting point was chosen the criticism of the stone city which has been described, among others, by Werner Hegemann. Further development of residential urban planning was analyzed in the perspective of created alternatives, integrating housing and recreational areas.
	For the analysis there have been distinguished 5 types of urban composition and methods of the presence of recreational areas inside them. As a type 1 they tested luxurious villa districts of the late nineteenth century, which were designed on the suburbs of cities. Although these assumptions did not have the modernist character, they announced a wider integration of recreational areas and residential architecture. As type 2 they defined the birth and the development of idea of garden city. Howard’s concept has become the basis for broader social movements. They acted in the development of health and hygiene issues, education of youth, popularization of sports, or new ways of spending free time in broader social reform. As a type 3 they analyzed the recomposition of quarter building estates, in particular its solutions from the beginning of modernism. As a type 4 they described the development of banded and detached systems, emphasizing the presence of various forms of recreation areas. As the last 5 type of composition, that has not been widely used before World War II, they defined radical ideas most fully represented by Le Corbusier. Created by him analysis and projects that he described, among others, in Urbanism, found a response and were developed by the most avant-garde artists and constituted extreme form of the evolution of ideological assumptions of the late nineteenth and
	early twentieth century.
	In conclusion the article emphasize that analyzed solutions constituted a testing ground of new urbanism experience, in which the role of ideological manifesto was played by recreational areas. The amount of the formal experience in this phase of modernism, individualism and especially the friendly scale of solutions influenced in most cases their contemporary positive perception.},
doi = {},
url = {https://ejournals.eu/en/journal/srodowisko-mieszkaniowe/article/the-genesis-and-directions-of-development-of-recreational-areas-in-the-urban-composition-of-modernist-housing-estates-part-1-european-modernism-before-world-war-ii}
}