TY - JOUR TI - Refractions, Adaptations, and Simplifications of Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness in the Polish Culture in the Twenty-first Century AU - Adamowicz-Pośpiech, Agnieszka TI - Refractions, Adaptations, and Simplifications of Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness in the Polish Culture in the Twenty-first Century AB - The paper aims at a comparative analysis of four Polish retranslations of Heart of Darkness, not to show the differences but to reveal the procedures and techniques by means of which translators, editors, and publishers refract (manipulate) the translated text. It is my contention that particular versions of Heart of Darkness function in diverse ways in Polish culture and each rendition is targeted at a different audience. The retranslations will be analysed using the methodology of the Manipulation School and its development by André Lefevere. VL - 2017 IS - Vol. 12 PY - 2018 SN - 1899-3028 C1 - 2084-3941 SP - 27 EP - 45 DO - 10.4467/20843941YC.17.002.8659 UR - https://ejournals.eu/en/journal/yearbook-of-conrad-studies/article/refractions-adaptations-and-simplifications-of-joseph-conrads-heart-of-darkness-in-the-polish-culture-in-the-twenty-first-century KW - Heart of Darkness KW - refraction KW - simplification KW - adaptation KW - retranslation