Agatha S., Wilbert N., Spindler M., Elbrächter M. (1990) Euplotide ciliates in sea ice of the Weddell Sea (Antarctica). Acta Protozool. 29: 221–228 Agatha S., Spindler M., Wilbert N. (1993) Ciliated protozoa (Ciliophora) from Arctic sea ice. Acta Protozool. 32: 261–268 Augustin V. H., Foissner W. (1992) Morphology and ecology of some ciliates (Protozoa: Ciliophora) from activated sludge. Arch. Protistenk. 141: 243–283 Baumgartner M., Stetter K. O., Foissner W. (2002) Morphological, small subunit rRNA and physiological characterization of Trimyema minutum (Kahl, 1931), an anaerobic ciliate from submarine hydrothermal vents growing from 28°C to 52°C. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol.49: 227–238 Behrend K. (1916) Zur Conjugation von Loxocephalus. Arch. Protistenkd. 37: 1–5 Djokic T., Van Kranendonk M. J., Campbell K. A., Walter M. R., Ward C. R. (2017) Earliest signs of life on land preserved in ca. 3.5 Ga hot spring deposits. Nat. Commun. 8: 15263 Dragesco J., Dragesco-Kernéis A. (1986) Ciliés libres de l’Afrique intertropicale: introduction à la connaissance et à l’étude des Ciliés. IRD Editions Dombrowski H. (1961) Methoden und Ergebnisse der Balneobiologie. Therap. Gegenw. 100: 442–449 Fan X., Al-Farraj S. A., Gao F., Gu F. (2014) Morphological reports on two species of Dexiotricha (Ciliophora, Scuticociliatia), with a note on the phylogenetic position of the genus. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 64: 680–688 Fauré-Fremiet E. (1968) Les genres Dexiotricha Stokes et Loxocephalus Eberhard dans leurs relations auxomorphiques. Protistologica 4: 115–125 Filker S., Forster D., Weinisch L., Mora-Ruiz M., González B., Farías M., Rosselló-Móra R., Stoeck T. (2017) Transition boundaries for protistan species turnover in hypersaline waters of different biogeographic regions. Environ. Microbiol. 19: 3186–3200 Finlay B. J. (2002) Global dispersal of free-living microbial eukaryote species. Science 296: 1061–1063 Foissner W. (1987) Neue terrestrische und limnische Ciliaten (Protozoa, Ciliophora) aus Österreich und Deutschland. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 195: 217–268 Foissner W. (2012) Schmidingerothrix extraordinaria nov. gen., nov. spec., a secondarily oligomerized hypotrich (Ciliophora, Hypotricha, Schmidingerotrichidae nov. fam.) from hypersaline soils of Africa. Eur. J. Protistol. 48: 237–251 Foissner W. (2014) An update of ‘basic light and scanning electron microscopic methods for taxonomic studies of ciliated protozoa’. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 64: 271–292 Foissner W., Agatha S., Berger H. (2002) Soil ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Namibia (Southwest Africa), with emphasis on two contrasting environments, the Etosha region and the Namib Desert. Part I: Text and line drawings. Part II: Photographs. Denisia 5: 1–1459 Foissner W., Berger H., Kohmann F. (1994) Taxonomische und ökologische Revision der Ciliaten des Saprobiensystems – Band III: Hymenostomata, Prostomatida, Nassulida. Informationsber. Bayer. Landesamtes Wasserwirtsch. Heft 1/94: 1–548 Foissner W., Filker S., Stoeck T. (2014) Schmidingerothrix salinarum nov. spec. is the molecular sister of the large oxytrichid clade (Ciliophora, Hypotricha). J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 61: 61–74 Gao F., Katz L. A., Song W. (2013) Multigene-based analyses on evolutionary phylogeny of two controversial ciliate orders: Pleuronematida and Loxocephalida (Protista, Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 8: 55–63 Gao F., Warren A., Zhang Q., Gong J., Miao M., Sun P., Song W. (2016) The all-data-based evolutionary hypothesis of ciliated protists with a revised classification of the phylum Ciliophora (Eukaryota, Alveolata). Sci. Rep. 6: 24874 Hu X. (2014) Ciliates in extreme environments. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 61: 410–418 ICZN [The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]. (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth edition adopted by the International Union of Biological Sciences. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London Jankowski A. W. (1964) Morphology and evolution of Ciliophora. IV. Sapropelebionts of the family Loxocephalidae fam. nova, their taxonomy and evolutionary history. Acta Protozool.2: 33–58 Jankowski A. W. (2007) Phylum Ciliophora Doflein, 1901. In: Alimov AF. (ed) Protista, Part 2. NAUKA, St. Petersburg, pp. 415–993 Kahl A. (1926) Neue und wenig bekannte Formen der holotrichen und heterotrichen Ciliaten. Arch. Protistenk. 55: 197–438 Kahl A. (1931) Urtiere oder Protozoa I: Wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria). 2. Holotricha. Tierwelt Dtl.21: 181–398 Kahan D. (1969) The fauna of hot springs. Verh. Int. Verein Limnol. 17: 811–816 Kahan D. (1972) Cyclidium citrullus Cohn, a ciliate from the hot springs of Tiberias (Israel). J. Protozool.19: 593–597 Kouris A., Juniper S. K., Frebourg G., Gaill F. (2007) Protozoan-bacterial symbiosis in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent folliculinid ciliate (Folliculinopsis sp.) from the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Mar. Ecol. 28:63–71 Liu W., Jiang J., Xu Y., Pan X., Qu Z., Luo X., El-Serehy H. A., Warren A., Ma H., Pan, H. (2017) Diversity of free-living marine ciliates (Alveolata, Ciliophora): faunal studies in coastal waters of China during the years 2011–2016. Eur. J. Protistol. 61: 424–438 López-García P., Rodríguez-Valera F., Pedrós-Alió C., Moreira D. (2001) Unexpected diversity of small eukaryotes in deep-sea Antarctic plankton. Nature 409: 603–607 Madoni P., Ghetti P. F. (1981) The structure of ciliated protozoa communities in biological sewage-treatment plants. Hydrobiologia 83: 207–215 Miller M. A., Pfeiffer W., Schwartz T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. Paper presented at the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE), New Orleans, LA, USA, 14 November 2010, pp. 1–8 Noland L. E., Gojdics M. (1967) Ecology of free-living protozoa. In: Research in Protozoology, Chen T. T., Ed. (Oxford, Pergamon), vol. 2. chap. 4 Nylander J. (2004) MrModeltest v2. Program distributed by the author. Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University Oren A. (2002) Diversity of halophilic microorganisms: Environments, phylogeny, physiology, and applications. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 28: 56–63 Pan X., Bourland W. A., Song W. (2013) Protargol synthesis: an in-house protocol. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 60: 609–614 Peck R. K. (1974) Morphology and morphogenesis of Pseudomicrothorax, Glaucoma and Dexiotricha with emphasis on the types of stomatogenesis in holotrichous ciliates. Protistologica 10: 333–370 Petz W., Song W., Wilbert N. (1995) Taxonomy and ecology of the ciliate fauna (Protozoa, Ciliophora) in the endopagial and pelagial of the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Stapfia 40: 1–223 Posada D., Crandall K. A. (1998) Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14:817–818 Roberts E. C., Priscu J. C., Wolf C., Lyons B., Laybourn-Parry J. (2004) The distribution of microplankton in the McMurdo Dry Valley Lakes, Antarctica: response to ecosystem legacy or present-day climatic control? Polar Biol. 27: 238–249 Ronquist F., Huelsenbeck J. P. (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572–1574 Stoeck T., Hayward B., Taylor G. T., Varela R., Epstein S. S. (2006) A multiple PCR-primer approach to access the microeukaryotic diversity in environmental samples. Protist 157: 31–43 Small E. B., Gross M. E. (1985) Preliminary observations of protistan organisms, especially ciliates from the 21°N hydrothermal vent site. Biol. Soc. Washington Bull. 6: 401–410 Song W., Warren A., Hu X. (2009) Free-living ciliates in the Bohai and Yellow Seas. 1st ed. Science Press, Beijing, p. 1–518 Stamatakis A. (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30: 1312–1313 Stokes A. C. (1885) Notes on some apparently undescribed forms of fresh-water Infusoria. No. 2. Am. J. Sci. 29: 313–328 Taylor W. D., Berger J. (1980) Microspatial heterogeneity in the distribution of ciliates in a small pond. Microbial. Ecol. 6: 27–34 Uyemura M. (1936) Biological studies of thermal waters in Japan. IV. Ecol. St. 2: 171 Vuxanovici A. (1960) Noi contributii la studiul ciliatelor dulcicole din Republica Populara Romina (nota 1). Stud. Cercet. Biol. 12: 353–381 Warren A., Patterson D. J., Dunthorn M., Clamp J. C., Achilles-Day U. E. M., Aescht E., Al-Farraj S. A., Al-Quraishy S., Al-Rasheid K., Carr M., Day J. G., Dellinger M., El-Serehy H. A., Fan Y., Gao F., Gao S., Gong J., Gupta R., Hu X., Kamra K., Langlois G., Lin X., Lipscomb D., Lobban C. S., Luporini P., Lynn D. H., Ma H., Macek M., Mackenzie-Dodds J., Makhija S., Mansergh R. I., Martín-Cereceda M., McMiller N., Montagnes D. J. S., Nikolaeva S., Ong’ondo G. O., Pérez-Uz B., Purushothaman J., Quintela-Alonso P., Rotterová J., Santoferrara L., Shao C., Shen Z., Shi X., Song W., Stoeck T., LaTerza A., Vallesi A., Wang M., Weisse T., Wiackowski K., Wu L., Xu K., Yi Z., Zufall R., Agatha S. (2017) Beyond the “code”: a guide to the description and documentation of bio-diversity in ciliated protists (Alveolata, Ciliophora).J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 64: 539–554 Wilbert N. (1975) Eine verbesserte Technik der Protargolimprägnation für Ciliaten. Mikrokosmos 64: 171–179 Wilbert N. (1986) Ciliaten aus dem interstitial des Ontario Sees. Acta Protozool.25: 379–396 Xu Y., Shao C., Fan X., Warren A., Al-Rasheid K. A. S., Song W., Wilbert N. (2016) New contributions to the biodiversity of ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Antarctica, including a description of Gastronauta multistriata n. sp. Polar Biol. 39: 1439–1453