TY - JOUR TI - A short history of electro-acoustic converters on the 19th century AU - Dąbrowski, Krzysztof TI - A short history of electro-acoustic converters on the 19th century AB - One of the most important parts of the telephone are electro-acoustic converters, that is – microphones and earphones. At the beginning of the development of telephone, in the 19th century, when there were no amplifiers available for the technology, providing sufficient volume of voice transmission was not as easy as at the beginning of 20th century, when the vacuum tube was invented. The article is concerned with the part that was played in this process by Polish inventors, Henryk Machalski and Julian Ochorowicz. VL - 2019 IS - Volume 64, Issue 3 PY - 2019 SN - 0023-589X C1 - 2657-4020 SP - 81 EP - 91 DO - 10.4467/0023589XKHNT.19.026.10732 UR - https://ejournals.eu/en/journal/kwartalnik-historii-nauki-i-techniki/article/krotka-historia-przetwornikow-elektroakustycznych-w-xix-wieku KW - carbon microphone KW - dynamic microphone KW - electromagnetic microphone KW - earphone KW - electro-acoustic converter KW - Henryk Machalski KW - Julian Ochorowicz