TY - JOUR
TI - A review of and trends in the assessment of the sequence with which graphical elements are applied to a document
AU - Bura, Zuzanna
AU - Kunicki, Marcin
TI - A review of and trends in the assessment of the sequence with which graphical elements are applied to a document
AB - This article presents an overview of the methods and techniques used to analyze the order in which graphic elements are applied to the surface of paper. This is one of the aspects of forensic document examination that allows to determine which handwritten entries or prints were made primarily and which were secondary. The study begins with a discussion of the microscopic methods that dominated in the 1960s, then presents spectroscopic techniques, as well as the use of the ESDa electrostatic apparatus. Finally, the latest achievements in the analysis of intersecting graphic lines using 3D modelling techniques are presented. The constant development of this field of research shows an increasing demand for finding the best methods. The results presented by many scientists are supported by numerous blind tests and attempts to identify all possible factors influencing the result. However, despite the predominance of non-destructive techniques, the most effective method has not yet been identified.
VL - 2024
IS - 139
PY - 2024
SN - 1230-7483
C1 - 2720-5983
SP - 245
EP - 267
DO - 10.4467/12307483PFS.24.012.20912
UR - https://ejournals.eu/en/journal/problems-of-forensic-sciences/article/a-review-of-and-trends-in-the-assessment-of-the-sequence-with-which-graphical-elements-are-applied-to-a-document
KW - Forensic documents examinations
KW - Order of intersecting lines
KW - Methodology review
KW - Cross-sectional studies