%0 Journal Article
%T Nature and intrinsic value
%A Francuz, Grzegorz
%J Principia
%V 2020
%R 10.4467/20843887PI.20.003.13833
%N Volume 67
%P 49-85
%K intrinsic value, environmental ethics, anthropocentrism, biocentrism, holism, pragmatism
%@ 0867-5392
%D 2020
%U https://ejournals.eu/en/journal/principia/article/nature-and-intrinsic-value
%X 
	Questions about the intrinsic value of nature are not only an abstract philosophical speculation, they have a practical meaning, can inspire and motivate people to act. Environmental ethics attempts to overcome the anthropocentric and personalistic attitude of traditional ethics. It emphasizes the intrinsic value of nature, value, which is independent from humans.

	Within non-anthropocentric environmental ethics there are individualistic and holistic trends. Biocentric individualism raises problems with resolving conflicts of interests of different organisms, with the hierarchy of beings, while holistic ethics does not count with the well-being of individuals. Ethical holism should be contrasted with practical holism as a methodological postulate.

	The pragmatic current of ecological ethics acknowledges that the good of people and the intrinsic good of nature coincide. In a pluralistic, liberal society there should be a convergence of radical, biocentric and moderate, anthropocentric concepts of ecological ethics.