Volume 23, Issue 1

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Public Health and Governance

About the journal

For Authors & Reviewers

Early Access

Licence: CC BY

Editorial team

Editor-in-Chief Dr Michał Zabdyr-Jamróz

President of the Scientific Committee Prof. dr hab. Stanisława Golinowska

Secretary Elżbieta Ryś

Editors Prof. dr hab. Stanisława Golinowska, Prof. dr hab. Tomasz Brzostek

Issue content

Słowo wstępne – powitanie

Michał Zabdyr-Jamróz

Public Health and Governance, Volume 23, Issue 1, Early Access

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Konflikt interesów jako problem etyczny w praktyce medycznej

Jan Hartman

Public Health and Governance, Volume 23, Issue 1, Early Access

In this paper, the author aims at analyzing and explaining concepts related to conflict of interest in the practice of medical professions, which will help to clarify the misunderstandings related to this issue. The conceptual, terminological and semantic findings made here are going to help in reception and application of the principles of good practice regarding functioning in conflict of interest.

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Informatyzacja systemu ochrony zdrowia – aspekty etyczne i prawne zastosowania sztucznej inteligencji. Część II

Szczepan Jakubowski, Anna Maj, Artur Romaszewski, Mariusz Duplaga

Public Health and Governance, Volume 23, Issue 1, Early Access

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into healthcare is rapidly transforming clinical practices. While AI offers significant potential for improving diagnosis, treatment, and patient outcomes, it also raises complex ethical and legal challenges. This paper explores the ethical considerations surrounding AI in healthcare, including bias in algorithms, data privacy, and allocation of responsibility for the AI-related errors. The authors also examine the legal framework governing AI in the European Union and Poland, focusing on the recently adopted AI Act. The study highlights the need for a comprehensive regulatory framework that balances the benefits of AI with the protection of patient rights and public safety. Key issues discussed include the risk of algorithmic bias, the importance of transparency as well as accountability, and the challenges of assigning liability for AI-related harms.

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Motywacje i czynniki determinujące decyzje ciężarnych dotyczące płatnych usług zdrowotnych

Natalia Magdalena Pilarska, Anna Weronika Szablewska

Public Health and Governance, Volume 23, Issue 1, Early Access

During the pregnancy women often have to make decisions concerning their healthcare that may have long-term consequences for them and their offspring. Despite the availability of a wide range of health services within the public healthcare system, more and more pregnant women decide to use paid medical services, such as pregnancy care and diagnostics offered by the private sector. The aim of this study was to identify factors influencing pregnant women’s decision-making and to learn about patients’ motivations to choose paid medical services that are not covered by the reimbursement. The study was conducted from September to December and involved 303 pregnant women. The study was conducted using the CAWI method, using the Polish adaptation of the Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire – Revised 2 (PRAQ-R2) tool and author’s questions. The data were processed using the Statistica 13.3 statistical package. Analyses showed that the main factor influencing the choice of paid health services was the level of education amongst the respondents. Place of residence and economic status were also predictors of similar strength. Experiencing pregnancy loss is associated with a greater willingness to use private health services, while having a successful delivery reduces the willingness to use the private health sector. The occurrence of anxiety during pregnancy did not affect the decision to use paid health services.

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Bezdomność w Polsce. Epidemiologiczne spojrzenie na przyczyny zgonów i implikacje zdrowotne (2015–2022)

Jadwiga Duda, Igor Popiela, Karolina Dudzik, Aleksandra Adamus, Maciej Przygoda, Andrzej Kościsz, Tomasz Konopka

Public Health and Governance, Volume 23, Issue 1, Early Access

The aim of our study is to better understand homelessness by analysing the most common causes of death, locations where bodies were found, demographic data, and blood alcohol levels.
The study used documentation from the Department of Forensic Medicine in Krakow, examining 335 cases from years 2015 to 2022. Selection criteria included individuals without permanent housing. Causes of death were classified according to the ICD-10 criteria.
At the time of death, in 54% of cases the individuals were under the influence of alcohol, and 75% showed liver steatosis, indicating chronic alcohol abuse. The bodies of homeless individuals were most often found in public spaces such as bus stops, parking lots, sidewalks, and vacant buildings. This study reveals that the most frequent causes of death among homeless individuals were acute alcohol poisoning and pneumonia, which is in contrast with the general population, where the leading causes are cardiovascular diseases and cancers.

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Comparison of guidelines for diabetes diagnostics in 2019 and 2024 in Poland and the rights of insured persons to health services, including access to psychological care

Monika Kamińska, Magdalena Miernik-Skrzypczak, Marta Malicka, Patrycja Karnas-Bogacka, Katarzyna Moczyróg, Katarzyna Barwinek-Grajek, Aleksandra Błaszczyk

Public Health and Governance, Volume 23, Issue 1, Early Access

This article compares diabetes diagnostics and treatment reimbursement in Poland between 2019 and 2024, highlighting the changes that occurred over these years. The review is based on an analysis of literature covering diabetes classification, diagnosis, complications, and current guidelines. Scientific articles, reviews, and relevant legislation were analyzed. Diagnostic guidelines highlight the use of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and recommend genetic testing for neonatal diabetes. Reimbursements for diabetes treatment, particularly for modern devices and insulin pen needles, have improved. The 2024 guidelines highlight the importance of mental health, recommending regular psychological assessments. Guidelines have become more comprehensive, and reimbursement policies are more extensive, making access to essential therapies easier for patients. These changes aim at improving treatment outcomes and enhancing the quality of life.

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Słowa kluczowe: conflict of interest, justice, trust, AI, artificial intelligence, AIA, ethics, healthcare, law of new technologies, access to health care, pregnancy, socioeconomic factors, alcohol, alcoholism, causes of death, ICD-10, homelessness, pneumonia, diabetes, diagnostics, insulin therapy, metformin, recommendations, vildagliptin