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Public Health and Governance

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Volume 22, Issue 1

2024 Next

Publication date: 02.04.2025

Licence: CC BY 4.0 licence icon

Editorial team

Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr hab. Włodzimierz Cezary Włodarczyk

President of the Scientific Committee Prof. dr hab. Stanisława Golinowska

Secretary Elżbieta Ryś

Issue Editor Prof. dr hab. Włodzimierz Cezary Włodarczyk

Issue content

Włodzimierz Cezary Włodarczyk

Public Health and Governance, Volume 22, Issue 1, 2024, pp. 1-2

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Joanna Zdanowska, Iwona Nowakowska

Public Health and Governance, Volume 22, Issue 1, 2024, pp. 3-7

https://doi.org/10.4467/20842627OZ.24.002.21284
The need to promote health has been recognized for years in highly developed countries. However, these activities may raise ethical dilemmas among health promoters operating within the healthcare system and implementing health policy assumptions. In the practice of health promotion, there are situations in which a moral justification for the actions taken must be found. The aim of this article is to identify areas of health promotion activities that may raise ethical dilemmas among health care sector employees. Another goal is to analyze legal provisions and deontological principles relating to health promotion. The above-mentioned dilemmas often include the issue of violation of human dignity, the feeling of social exclusion and the validity of differentiating health campaigns depending on their addressees. Although there are a number of legal regulations relating to the right to health, there is still an area that goes beyond these frameworks and requires moral obligation.
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Marek Tomków, Radosław Balwierz, Adam Majewski, Aleksandra Szopa

Public Health and Governance, Volume 22, Issue 1, 2024, pp. 8-13

https://doi.org/10.4467/20842627OZ.24.003.21285
For over twenty years, pharmacists in Poland did not have the right to perform even simple diagnostic tests, such as measuring blood pressure or patient’s body weight. It was only during the COVID-19 pandemic that the law was changed to allow the introduction of pharmaceutical care services in pharmacies, which enabled diagnostic tests to be performed, including tests for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. As a result, pharmacies performed 89,984 tests, of which 49,345 only in February 2022. The cessation of financing for this service by the National Health Fund (NFZ) on April 1, 2022 resulted in a significant decrease in the number of tests performed. A legal and comparative analysis of legal acts in force since 2001 was carried out, along with an analysis of data obtained from the E-Health Center. It has been shown that the change in regulations both regarding the qualifications of pharmacists and the financing of tests for the SARS-CoV-2 virus increased the number of diagnostic tests performed. Therefore, increasing the rights of pharmacists to perform diagnostic tests is the right direction of changes in the health care system in Poland.
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Bartłomiej Ast, Igor Szymański

Public Health and Governance, Volume 22, Issue 1, 2024, pp. 14-19

https://doi.org/10.4467/20842627OZ.24.004.21286
Health insurance is connected with occurrence of moral hazard, where insured individuals may overuse healthcare services due to reduced personal cost concerns. Although the Polish Constitution guarantees equal access to publicly funded healthcare services, overuse of medical services – driven either by patient or provider – is prevalent. Unnecessary visits, tests, and treatments cause financial burdens and depletion of healthcare resources. Limited access to medical services results in longer wait times, creating a risk to the health of the patients. Forcing proper allocation of resources on the basis of strict medical indications may have a positive impact on the healthcare efficiency in the context of rising demand. Encouraging development of strategies, like wide application of threshold scales, in order to counter overuse of medical services, promotes a proper use of resources. Coordinating efforts between public and private healthcare sectors can improve overall service delivery. Reducing the issue of moral hazard can improve the effectiveness of health insurance and promote better healthcare utilization.
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Klaudia Konieczko, Gabriela Ferenc

Public Health and Governance, Volume 22, Issue 1, 2024, pp. 20-25

https://doi.org/10.4467/20842627OZ.24.005.21287
In recent years, works have been published analyzing the psychological aspect of the epidemic and quarantine on the health of the population. Research shows that the psychological and social factors in particular fear of threat due to prolonged COVID-19 pandemic affected the mental and physical health of the population years after it ended. According to the 2022 assessment, the global prevalence of anxiety disorders and depression has increased 25 percent. In conclusion, it can be said that this is a wake-up call for all countries to pay more attention and better support the mental health of their populations. According to WHO, one of the main reasons for this increase is stress caused by social isolation and inability to work or participate in social life. Additional factors that affect the mental health of the population include fear of infection, death of loved ones and financial worries. Physical activity and exercise can have immediate and long term benefits, most importantly they improve the quality of life. However, COVID-19 negatively impacted the physical activity of many people. During the pandemic, despite free time, few people decided to spend their time actively due to fear of coronavirus infection. During the COVID-19 pandemic a balanced diet needed to be combined with a regular exercise routine, as the prevalence of overweight among children and adolescence has risen dramatically in Poland. It is important to limit the time spent in front of a computer or TV to no more than two hours a day. Physical activity and exercise are the best therapy for most chronic diseases as they have a positive impact on mental and physical health.
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Włodzimierz Cezary Włodarczyk

Public Health and Governance, Volume 22, Issue 1, 2024, pp. 26-38

https://doi.org/10.4467/20842627OZ.24.006.21288
In recent years, the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events has reached a dimension that allows to talk about a crisis of global warming. Mighty heat waves cause long-term changes in the environment, such as straining of the land with devastating economic, social (migration, unemployment) and political (internal and external conflicts) consequences. They also cause serious health consequences; trigger temporary and permanent weakening of immunity, an increase in the incidence of many diseases and, consequently, an rise in mortality. Certain social groups are particularly vulnerable to the negative impact of extremely high temperatures: the elderly, pregnant women and young children, people in a state of multimorbidity, migrants, as well as city dwellers. People living in particularly climatically dangerous regions – tropical Africa, South Pacific islands – are also exposed to a much greater extent than people living in other regions.
The growing awareness of climate threats, supported by the results of many research projects, has prompted the international community to cooperate. Since the 1970s, international conferences on climate protection have been held on the initiative of the United Nations, the World Health Organization and the World Meteorological Organization. This has led to the adoption of a number of agreements, including the Paris Agreements in 2015, which are intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and curb temperature rise. The European Green Deal document should also be mentioned. This complex and multithreaded activity can reasonably be described as global climate policy. Although many countries are not motivated enough to actively participate, there is a chance that cooperation within the framework of global climate policy and international public health will bring to people positive health results.
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