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Volume 25, Issue 2

Lingua di genere, dissimmetrie comunicative, discipline

Volume 25 (2025) Next

Publication date: 12.12.2025

Description
Excellence Initiative logotypeThe publication has been supported by a grant from the Faculty of Philology under the Strategic Programme Excellence Initiative at Jagiellonian University.

Cover design: Dorota Heliasz

Licence: CC BY 4.0 licence icon

Editorial team

Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr hab. Wacław Rapak

Deputy Editor-in-Chief Dr Jakub Kornhauser, Dr Tomasz Krupa

Issue Editor Stefania Cavagnoli

Issue content

Stefania Cavagnoli

Romanica Cracoviensia, Volume 25, Issue 2, Volume 25 (2025), pp. 107-109

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843917RC.25.028.22741
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Barbara Malaisi

Romanica Cracoviensia, Volume 25, Issue 2, Volume 25 (2025), pp. 111-120

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843917RC.25.029.22742
The legal language is a complex specialist language anchored in an established linguistic tradition and resistant to change, even when this would be more than appropriate, as in the case of adaptation to an increasingly widespread social sensitivity towards the use of gender-inclusive language. Italian law is strongly oriented to the use of overextended masculine and the rules on gender language, in addition to not covering all levels of normative production, are soft law rules whose transgression has no consequences at the legal level. The essay reflects on the need to positivize some minimum ways of writing law that are respectful of gender, in a democratic and truly inclusive perspective.
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Stefania Cavagnoli

Romanica Cracoviensia, Volume 25, Issue 2, Volume 25 (2025), pp. 121-132

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843917RC.25.031.22743
The contribution focuses mainly on gender asymmetry in medical language. The reflection starts from a linguistic observation: the lack of the term “doctor” used in the feminine as a title, despite the massive presence of women in the medical profession at all levels. Starting with a historical analysis, the text delves into the role of the female presence in medicine and its linguistic, as well as communicative, representation. The linguistic asymmetry detected leads back to the constant asymmetry of power and the lack of full equality of recognition for female health professionals.
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Francesca Dragotto

Romanica Cracoviensia, Volume 25, Issue 2, Volume 25 (2025), pp. 133-139

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843917RC.25.032.22744
This paper examines the double standard – the tendency to judge identical behaviors differently in men and women, especially in the realm of sexuality. Though seen as modern, this idea is rooted in Western cultural and cognitive traditions. Fragment 7 of Semonides (7th century BC) offers a notable example, implicitly expressing gender-based oppositions and distinctions among women. This early poetic text already delineates symbolic and social spaces as gendered domains, foreshadowing the persistent mechanisms through which gender hierarchies are maintained in both historical and contemporary contexts.
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Tania Cerquitelli, Matteo Berta

Romanica Cracoviensia, Volume 25, Issue 2, Volume 25 (2025), pp. 141-149

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843917RC.25.033.22745
The reflection on the use of language and the demand for a more inclusive communication paradigm are now at the center of public and institutional debate. In this context, new technologies and the spread of Generative Artificial Intelligence play a crucial role. Large Language Models (LLMs), the main expressions of this technology, are trained in an unsupervised way on huge amounts of uncontrolled data, thus contributing to the perpetuation of social biases. Inclusively was born with the aim of offering a generative model of inclusive language, based on supervised data produced by experts in the domain, proposing itself as an effective tool for intralingual translation from non-inclusive to inclusive language.
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Enrico Dal Fovo

Romanica Cracoviensia, Volume 25, Issue 2, Volume 25 (2025), pp. 151-159

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843917RC.25.034.22746
Broad language devices highlight a gap within the Italian language that still needs bridging. The relevant conflict between activism and Italian institutions originates from the difference in their respective understanding of gender discriminations and reaction to society’s patriarchal setup. Education, with its cultural mandate, plays a crucial role in either confirming or challenging society’s traditional structure, which is why opposing sides often choose school as their battle ground. More specifically, anti-gender advocates demand that any reference to gender equality be erased from education, often resorting to slogans aimed at eliciting various degrees of emotional response. However, this self-same emotional activation may act as a catalyst for greater accuracy in critical thinking and understanding of reality.
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Valentina Elmetti Taşkavak

Romanica Cracoviensia, Volume 25, Issue 2, Volume 25 (2025), pp. 161-175

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843917RC.25.035.22747
Learning foreign languages evokes contrasting emotions: anxiety (Foreign Language Anxiety, FLA) and enjoyment (Foreign Language Enjoyment, FLE), influencing students’ educational experiences. These vary by socio-cultural contexts, teaching methods, and modalities. Given that online learning has been adopted since 2020 and Turkey’s sociopolitical context, this research examines foreign language study (non-English) at Istanbul Technical University’s School of Foreign Languages. It explores the perspectives of male and female students on FLA/FLE causes, the activities that trigger each emotion, and language as a powerful instrument. This study aims to understand whether FLE remains valuable if experiences are associated more with anxiety or enjoyment, and how gender influences these emotions.
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Edith Cognigni

Romanica Cracoviensia, Volume 25, Issue 2, Volume 25 (2025), pp. 177-189

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843917RC.25.036.22748
This contribution explores the interaction between gender, migration, and L2 learning among migrant caregivers in Italy. Drawing on critical and feminist approaches to L2 language learning and teaching, the article highlights how gender dynamics influence access to linguistic resources, learning strategies, and socio-professional integration opportunities for migrant women. Interviews with Eastern European workers reveal multidimensional challenges, including time constraints, emotional pressures, and communicative asymmetries, as well as forms of linguistic agency. The study stresses the need for inclusive language teaching that value situated knowledge and the translingual competencies developed by caregivers, recognizing the intersectionality of gender, migration, and social class.
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Suay Melisa Özkula, Patricia Prieto-Blanco

Romanica Cracoviensia, Volume 25, Issue 2, Volume 25 (2025), pp. 191-202

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843917RC.25.037.2274
From incels to red-pillers, this article provides a view into the exclusionary vocabulary of online misogyny. It illustrates the anti-democratic potential of these misogynistic social media labels on two fronts: (a) for the wider research community, these labels become a way to describe, classify, and make sense of these new communicative spaces and the actors operating in them; (b) for the general public, they serve as a pathway for individuals to self-identify and affiliate themselves through cognate labels, for example as part of, in opposition to, or solidarity with particular social groups. Through these processes, the language of the manosphere normalises misogynistic concepts, stereotypical social roles, and gendered disinformation and contributes to hierarchical and exclusionary gender dynamics.
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Funding information

Excellence Initiative logotypeThe publication has been supported by a grant from the Faculty of Philology under the Strategic Programme Excellence Initiative at Jagiellonian University.