Etimologia prossima of the French prevails in this methodological approach in order to show how the vocable was introduced into the French lexicon. With a modern view on the etymology we can’t just present the etymon but it’s essential to build the historical link between the etymon and the vocable that we describe.
First, it’s necessary to consider what the main etymological dictionaries propose (for example FEW and TLF) to reveal what are the gaps for a correct description. So we must give a first attestation. Indeed dictionaries only proposed so far an event marking the field of dialectology but not a first term’s attestation. When we examine the first attestation of the French vocable it’s possible to see that fr. dialectologie is a borrowing from German and not a French creation.

This article deals with a textual analysis of the structure of the starting chapters of Brunetto Latini’s Rettorica. Our aim is to study the relation between the translation from Cicero’s De inventione and its comment for demonstrating that the architecture of Rettorica bends to Brunetto’s authorial will. In analyzing the first and fifth chapters we discussed the complexity of the textual constructions in a microstructural as well as in a macrostructural way.

The purpose of this article is to describe the phenomenon previously flagged (Stala 2011): this of etymological doublets in Spanish, where one of the components is a borrowing from Latin via another Romance language (French, Occitan, Gascon, Portuguese, Catalan, Italian), while the second element of the doublet is either a direct borrowing from Latin or a word which is the result of a regular historical development. The article includes an introduction to the phenomenon of this kind of doublets, a historical documentation and a discussion of the excerpted pairs (groups) at the level of Phonetics, Morphology and Semantics exclusively from the viewpoint of the Romance borrowings.

The aim of this paper is, in the one hand, to outline the historical background of Spain in the second half of the thirteenth century, strongly marked by Reconquista. On the other hand, the author attempts to analyze and study all the elements morphosyntactic, lexical in the historiography’s literature of Alfonso X the Wise to demonstrate, thus, the attitude of the monarch by Arab culture and heritage.

The principal purpose of the essay is to propose a model of analysis of the modal alternation and the role of the indicative and subjunctive forms in the expression of concession in Spanish and Portuguese. The analysis is made separately for the two languages following analogical schemes. The examples are divided ex. according to the structure of the inseparable groups of a modal significance. The article includes semantic, syntactic and pragmatic criteria of analysis by emphasizing the role of the mental attitude of the speaker and the modal coherence.
 

The purpose of this paper is to show how two languages which have radically different temporal and aspectual systems express the perfect result value. The starting point of this paper is an example in French language taken from an article of two Genevian researchers on the basis of which the author proves that the perfect result, irrespective of its type, is always expressed with passé composé tense. In the second part discussed are Polish contextual equivalents of the example. Their analysis makes it possible to confirm the thesis that the semantic perfect result is expressed with the Polish Past Perfect and the pragmatic perfect result with the Polish Past Imperfect. The author also formulates several additional conclusions regarding lexical, syntax and interpretative choices.

An analysis was made for the words: może/peut-être (‘maybe, perhaps’) and trochę/un peu (‘a bit, a little’), as well as the phatic expressions, apologies and justifications as they belong to the strategy of mitigation.
In both the languages, these means make up the cover of the injunctions. In French we can notice a smaller scope of the use of the imperative expressing an order in a direct way. It is usually replaced by indirect structures which are enhanced with the discussed means of mitigation.