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Problems of Forensic Sciences

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ex. 10.4467/16890027AP.16.022.6009
ex. Uniwersytet Jagielloński

142–143

2025 Next

Publication date: 10.12.2025

Licence: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence icon

Editorial team

Editor-in-Chief Prof. Józef K. Gierowski

Deputy Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr hab. Dariusz Zuba

Sekretarz redakcji Anna Sałatarow-Kraciuk

Editors Dr Agnieszka Haś, Dr Tomasz Kupiec, Prof. Grzegorz Zadora

Issue content

Inga Markiewicz

Problems of Forensic Sciences, 142–143, 2025, pp. 131-142

https://doi.org/10.4467/12307483PFS.25.006.22913
Aim: The aim of this paper is to describe the assumptions of the Good Lives Model (GLM) in the context of traditional therapeutic methods based on risk management (RNR), as well as to assess its usefulness and effectiveness in therapeutic and rehabilitative work with patients in forensic psychiatric units.
Main results: According to the GLM approach, an effective way to reduce the risk of reoffending is to provide forensic patients with the necessary conditions for a better life and to develop their ability to meet their needs (or acquire goods important to them) using socially acceptable means and methods. This involves learning how to live a “good life” and adopting desirable behavior patterns as alternatives to previous unlawful behaviors. Working within the GLM framework yields better therapeutic outcomes than relying solely on methods aimed at minimizing the risk of recidivism.
Practical implications for forensic science: The dissemination of the GLM concept in Polish forensic psychiatric units would enable staff working with mental health offenders to take a broader perspective on the issue of their social maladjustment and the etiology of unlawful behavior. It would also equip professionals with additional ideas and tools for therapeutic work. As a result of the rehabilitation efforts undertaken, the likelihood of patients committing offenses after being discharged from forensic units should decrease.
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Jacek Kudera, Naima Islam Nodi, Julia Roegner

Problems of Forensic Sciences, 142–143, 2025, pp. 143-155

https://doi.org/10.4467/12307483PFS.25.007.22914
Identical twins present a difficult case for both auditory and machine speaker recognition. This paper addresses this challenge and presents the findings of two studies: an auditory speaker discrimination test and a machine-based task using forensic automatic speaker recognition (ASR) system. The outcomes of the perceptual judgement task were compared with the log-likelihood ratios (LLRs) yielded by an x-vector-based speaker recognition system. Although the task was given to lay listeners, as opposed to forensic phonetic experts, the results appear to be congruent with the scores yielded by a state-of-the-art automatic system. The human raters were more accurate in judging same-speaker pairs than different-speaker pairs. The machine approach showed better performance in both conditions tested as compared to human listeners. Overall, the voices that were difficult for human listeners were different from those that the ASR system struggled with.
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Piotr Woldan

Problems of Forensic Sciences, 142–143, 2025, pp. 157-183

https://doi.org/10.4467/12307483PFS.25.008.22915
Voice lineup is a possible form of an identification parade conducted during an investigation. It could occur in cases where the perpetrator’s appearance was not observed by the victim or witness, and only the voice was heard. Some of the factors that could impact the accuracy of voice recognition, such as age of the witness, retention interval and whether the voice was heard live (at crime scene) or through a mobile phone, have already been the subject of some studies.
The aim of the study was to examine the impact of the following factors: music education, retention interval and gender. The experiment was conducted with a total of 129 participants, both musically and non-musically educated. The participants were asked to listen to a short voice recording simulating a true event and then (after the retention interval of 1 week or 2 weeks) to listen to a recorded lineup of 6 female voices. Following that, they were asked to try to identify the perpetrator’s voice. The results revealed no statistically significant difference between musically educated and non-musically educated participants, and similarly, no significant difference was found based on gender or confidence rating. A nearly significant decrease in accuracy was observed among the participants with a longer retention interval. Nevertheless, the maximum level of accuracy was only 55% which implies low reliability of voice recognition evidence. There results must be taken into consideration by authorities if a voice lineup is used, especially to treat voice recognition evidence with caution.
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Ramesh Karunyaa, Shinta Ann Jose, Senthilkumar Priyadharshini, Radhakrishnan Uma Maheswari, Chandrasekaran Bala Amarnath, Chanthini Baskar, Kalaiyarasan Boopathy Thiyagarajan, Senbagapriya Sekar

Problems of Forensic Sciences, 142–143, 2025, pp. 185-205

https://doi.org/10.4467/12307483PFS.25.009.22916
Ivory and its products are in high demand in both national and international markets due to their charismatic qualities and exotic values. However, increased law enforcement efforts and legal restrictions have limited the ivory trade and the preparation of its products. To meet the market demand, fake ivory items are now being made from osseous materials, which have flooded the market. This situation complicates identification efforts by frontline law enforcement and wildlife forensic laboratories. Current ivory identification methods face several challenges, including inconsistent accuracy, high costs, slow turnaround times, and the issue of destructive sample requirements. To address these issues, this study developed a simple, rapid, and accurate method for identifying ivory products using FTIR spectroscopy combined with partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). We received seven (n = 7) carvings from law enforcement agencies to identify whether the carvings are of ivory origin. Initially, we performed the FTIR analysis for all the carvings and compared the spectra with known FTIR spectra of Asian elephant ivory and bone (served as internal reference). The results indicated that out of seven carvings, samples S1–S4 and S7 were found not to be of ivory origin. In contrast, the FTIR spectra recorded for two carvings (S5 and S6) were identical to FTIR spectra of ivory and bone. To confirm these results further, we employed PLS-DA to assess whether carvings S5 and S6 were indeed made of ivory or a material with a similar chemical composition, likely bone. We also used a commercial IR library to identify the chemical composition of carvings S1–S4 and S7. The PLS-DA analysis indicated that carvings S5 and S6 were crafted from bone-like materials, whereas the IR library analysis showed that carvings S1–S4 and S7 were prepared using sheet molding compounds and polymers. To further investigate the biological origin of the bone materials used in carvings S5 and S6, DNA analysis was performed. The results indicated that the crafted materials were derived from Bubalus bubalis (domestic water buffalo). This study demonstrated a simple, rapid and cost-effective method for identifying the origin of ivory in carvings. Additionally, it opened new avenues for screening carvings using ivory-specific FTIR spectra, which have potential applications in wildlife forensic analysis.
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Rafał Skowronek, Paulina Wachholz, Beata Bujak-Giżycka, Rafał Celiński, Natalia Pawlas

Problems of Forensic Sciences, 142–143, 2025, pp. 207-214

https://doi.org/10.4467/12307483PFS.25.010.22917
Working in an underground coal mine is undoubtedly associated with a lot of stress. This promotes the abuse of psychoactive substances – ethyl alcohol, but also medicines and narcotics. Drug tests are not routinely performed in mines.
A 40-year-old hard coal miner suddenly fell while working and lost consciousness, followed by a seizure. Sudden cardiac arrest occurred, which could not be restored by cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The forensic autopsy did not determine the cause of death. However, it allowed to exclude traumatic death and revealed only minor pathological changes. Toxicological analyses of blood and urine performed using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry showed, among others: the presence of α-PiHP (α-pyrrolidinoisohexanophenone) at a concentration of 0.062 μg/mL and 0.163 μg/mL, respectively, the metabolite of α-PiHP (OH-α-PiHP, 4-hydroxy-α-pyrrolidinoisohexanophenone) at a concentration of 0.080 μg/mL and 1.50 μg/mL, and tramadol at concentrations of 1.60 μg/mL and 15.9 μg/mL (toxic concentration in blood).
In cases of death among hard coal miners, it is always justified to collect biological material for toxicological tests and to order analyses for the presence not only of ethyl alcohol, but also of medicines and narcotics. This may be crucial to determining the cause of death and for post-accident investigation in the workplace.
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