The problems of trans-multi-disciplinary studies on man’s work comprises objects of research that are common to different academic disciplines but are selected in such a manner as not to distort the visions of the research objects specific for various disciplines. Studies conducted in multi-, inter- or transdisciplinary projects pose a major challenge. The transdisciplinary approach to knowledge and research has its practical sources in the applicability of knowledge, inter alia in searching for more effective solutions to earlier indicated problems. In the paper I present selected problems concerning research on human work indicating its trans-multidisciplinary character. 

There are numerous attempts towards proper quality measures or quality standards for e-learning: authors of e-learning content need those standards to define their products; administrators and decision-makers need them to make proper choices; and the e-learning community needs them to provide exchangeability and comparability. Quality measures are needed also by students and teachers. Looking for quality measures of distance learning, not necessarily within any certified quality standards framework, is lately an important research target, involving multiple attitudes and theoretical frameworks. There is still strong need to classify measure types for the broad e-learning quality assessment. This essay enumerates the key quality conditions to be taken into account in e-learning projects. Then it focuses on the main issues defining every e-learning system and at the same time drawing the set of contexts of e-learning potential. Within each context (institutional, methodological, communication, technological, evaluation and management) the paper defines two extremes and looks for the “golden mean”, somewhere in the middle. Despite the unquestionable effectiveness and applicability of distance- learning in many (or most) of the above contexts, one can point out a list of instances of misuse or wrong application of this educational tool. The second part of the paper examines the most popular failures of didactic content, like misattribution, over-estimation and various other limitations. 

This analysis provides a typology of all cardinal failures of distance-learning as new “seven deadly sins” to enable better learning from these errors. The essay’s thesis stresses that e-learning systems should be not technology-dependent, but should be tailored for human users and open for changes of content-receivers. The conclusion proposes a three phase approach for distance-learning modeling and implementation: intention, presentation and reaction. Achieving such end has been recently attempted  with mixed results in the USA by Saint Leo University near Tampa, Florida, which since 1997 has enhanced teaching excellence and standardization at both its traditional campus and Distance Centers by evolving new academic technologies for On-line,  Blended and traditional courses, while migrating in time through different web-platforms (BISK, Learning Studio/Pearson and recently D2L/Courses) to mitigate most failures of distance-learning. 

Education of children at 7–11 age is characterized as multifaceted. It covers both the intellectual development of the individual and the sphere of their personality, as well. The article discusses the subject of music education as a field that supports overall human development, shapes their sensitivity, stimulates the development of social competences, and prepares for active participation in culture. The objects of consideration were the aims of music education. Their detailed analysis allows to determine the importance  of this marginalized field in the educational process. The  text presents not only the benefits of stimulating the musical development of children but also the risks posed by omitting it in school situations. The specificity of didactic activities related to the musical activity of children at the first level of education is also presented.

The research paper includes information about the needs and abilities of elementary children in connection with foreign language learning. The paper includes information about incorporating foreign  languages into integrated elementary education curriculum. The specific age of elementary children which is connected with the specific level of development needs to be taken to account when we talk about the specific educational tasks such as learning foreign languages. The paper describes the most important conditions of foreign language teaching, which are necessary for successful teaching elementary children.

This article discusses the career development system for teachers in the Republic of Bulgaria. Career development is defined as the ongoing process of improvement of competences in the occupation of teaching or educational positions, or in the acquisition of degrees in order to increase the quality and efficiency of education. The professional development of teachers requires continuous improvement of qualifications, in order to acquire new and additional knowledge, professional and research skills; to realize the goals of the school and create a drive for its development. Career development is associated with increased prestige, more responsibilities and corresponding compensation.

This article aims to analyze the patrimonialisation process that lead to the development of a new international image of Rio de Janeiro. Mainly, this process was developed to attract new tourist to this globally known city. A specialized literature review was conducted and observations were made in the city since its patrimonialisation process begun. Many public-private actions were implemented in order to appreciate cultural assets capable to add consumption value. The favelas became a counterpoint, or a “counter-landscape”, sometimes inserted in the touristic map, other times threatened with de-urbanization by Rio’s government. The authors aim to analyze the strategies used to implement Rio’s new cultural landscape, such as urban policies of landscape appreciation and protection, gentrification of historical areas and touristic attraction. Also,the authors present the city’s educational necessities related to the modification in urban  development and its social justice challenges. In sum, this article offers recommendations to policymakers about how to deal with the city’s social constraints.

The paper touches upon the issue of work of persons serving a sentence in Polish penitentiaries. The authors state that a prison is an example of a total institution. Discussing legal, psychological and pedagogical aspects of human work, the specificity of convict labour was analysed considering convicts’ vocational activation, as well as tangible and intangible benefits arising out of the employment undertaken. Ethical and social aspects of work in prison isolation conditions were listed as well. 

This article focuses on the study of current transformation processes occurring in Ukraine in the provision of social services to various groups of children, in particular orphan children and children deprived of parental care. The meanings of the concepts of “orphan child” and “child deprived of parental care,” aspects of establishing this group of official status children, giving the right to receive appropriate social services and provide social and legal protection are considered. The features of the deinstitutionalization  and reform of the system of institutional care for children in modern Ukraine are investigated in the context of the legal, organizational and social aspects of this reform. The necessity and importance of the process of deinstitutionalization for the formation, successful socialization, personal development of the child and ensuring the right of each child to be brought up in the family or in the environment closest to the family has been substantiated. 

This paper reports on a nationwide mixed methods study that investigated the challenges faced by teachers who teach ethics at schools in Poland. Several challenges affecting teachers in Poland were identified. These challenges included: qualifications of teachers; teacher education; didactics (teaching and learning); teaching materials and teaching aids; attractiveness of ethics as the subject at school; organization of work for delivering lessons of ethics; pupil traits and teaching programs; stereotypes related to the perception of ethics as the school subject. In the paper the special attention is paid to the challenges related to qualifications of teachers of ethics and their teacher education. The findings suggest that support provided for teachers of ethics must be aligned to local and school educational policies and educational conditions as well as strategies at national level. This paper contributes to understanding the complexities of the work of teachers who teach ethics at schools in Poland. 

The teacher profession can be rated among professions with high risk of health loss both in the physical (somatic) and mental sense. This is evidenced by statistics on the health assessment of a fairly large teaching community. Numerous structural changes (educational reforms) and an increase in professional expectations towards teachers, especially preschool teachers, have caused a significant increase in the stress experienced by them. This article is devoted to the problem of stress in the professional work of a preschool teacher. The most important factors causing stress reactions, as well as pressures that are the source of stress are identified and discussed in this paper. On their basis, the level of occurrence and circumstances of experiencing school stress are determined. Thirty full-time teachers working in kindergartens in rural and urban environments in the Opolskie Voivodeship were surveyed. 

This long-term study aims to map protective factors that education professionals deem important for burnout prevention. The research sample includes 160 education professionals for the time being. The study uses a qualitative method (20 group discussions).  Due to the size of the sample and continuation of the research, it is not possible to generalise the presented data. However, the authors believe that all signs or symptoms of burnout should be taken very seriously. The situation may be solved by systematic training of education professionals based on the acquisition of social skills by means of self-experience training. 

Work is of primary value in a person’s life, as, over the course of a lifetime, it occupies more than half of adulthood. Its meaning has individual value for every person. With respect to the research conducted so far, this article presents the values that arise from performing work by elderly people. The experience of professional work has made it possible to distinguish such values as: meaning of life, responsibility, loyalty, trust, education and development. 

The aim of this study is to find out whether an approach based on a game theoretical method may promote constructive collaborative conflict management among upper secondary school youth. An additional aim is to investigate how the young people involved in the study experience such an approach. It is an intervention study; the research material has been collected both before and after the intervention. The empirical material has been collected in Sweden using written reports and focus-group interviews. Both quantitative, as well as qualitative methods of analysis have been used. The results of the quantitative analysis demonstrate that the approach tried out in the study may enhance constructive collaborative conflict management. The qualitative analysis concerning the participants’ experience of using the approach show that the investigated approach is for the main part experienced as an asset but can also, in certain contexts, be seen as problematic.