Volume 3

2017

Publication date: 31.03.2017

Licence: None

Editorial team

Secretary Dorota Sapek

Editor-in-Chief Józef Gawlik

Issue content

ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING

In the land of the elements. Nature in the recreational spaces

of the cities of finland

Patrycja Haupt

Technical Transactions, Volume 3 Year 2017 (114), 2017, pp. 5-17

https://doi.org/10.4467/2353737XCT.17.027.6338

Since the beginning of the twentieth century, Finland has been a ground for experiments in the field of the housing environment. A low population density, as well as the unique natural and landscape values of the country have led to a clear trend of respect for nature in its architectural tradition. The paper, based on the theory of the Modern Movement – represented by, among others, Alvar Aalto, as well as on the tenets of Finnish the garden city of Tapiola – provides a characteristic of the role of natural elements in the composition of urban recreational spaces. The paper also discusses the structure of modern building complexes on the basis of the latest residential districts of Helsinki – as well as other cities of southern Finland, focusing on the compositional and functional role played by elements of nature within recreational spaces of a place of residence.

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CHEMISTRY

Dyfuzja z reakcją chemiczną – ocena dokładności przybliżonego modelu kinetycznego dla ziaren kulistych

Monika Gwadera

Technical Transactions, Volume 3 Year 2017 (114), 2017, pp. 19-30

https://doi.org/10.4467/2353737XCT.17.028.6339

Diffusion with a first-order chemical reaction in a spherical pellet of a catalyst with third-type boundary conditions was considered; such a process can be described by a kinetic model based on the continued

fraction approximation. Results of calculations obtained from an approximate kinetic model were compared with the exact solution. It was found that the application of this approximate model provides a good level of accuracy and requires short calculation times.

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The application of 3d printing in the designing of channel

structures in monolithic catalysts dedicated to the oxidative

coupling of methane

Elżbieta Hędrzak, Piotr Michorczyk

Technical Transactions, Volume 3 Year 2017 (114), 2017, pp. 31-40

https://doi.org/10.4467/2353737XCT.17.029.6340

In this work, a new preparation method is proposed to obtain high temperature monolithic structures for catalytic applications. A commercial 3D printer was used to synthesise polymeric templates that were

utilised in the designing of channel structures in monolithic catalysts. New materials with manganese and sodium tungstate supported on corundum with macropores of well-defined shapes and sizes were prepared; their catalytic performance was investigated in the process of the oxidative coupling of methane.

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An unified formula for deriving the molecular composition

of hydrocarbons

Adam Kozak, Beata Fryźlewicz-Kozak, Aleksander Kozak

Technical Transactions, Volume 3 Year 2017 (114), 2017, pp. 41-45

https://doi.org/10.4467/2353737XCT.17.030.6341

An unified method of designing molecular formulae for all types hydrocarbons is proposed in this paper. The developed formula provides the molecular composition of hydrocarbons regardless of the number of chemical bonds and bond types or the number of rings they contain. Moreover, a small modification to that formula makes it suitable for deriving the molecular composition of hydrocarbons with oxygen atoms bound to carbon atoms with single and double bonds.

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Spectroscopic studies of dual fluorescence effects in

a selected 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivative in organic solvents

and aqueous solutions

Arkadiusz Matwijczuk, Andrzej Niewiadomy, Mariusz Gagoś, Dariusz Kluczyk, Sławomir Wybraniec, Dariusz Karcz, Alicja Matwijczuk

Technical Transactions, Volume 3 Year 2017 (114), 2017, pp. 47-61

https://doi.org/10.4467/2353737XCT.17.031.6342

Spectroscopic studies of the fluorescence emission of selected 1,3,4-thiadiazoles in organic solvents and an aqueous solution were carried out. An interesting effect of pH-induced dual fluorescence was observed in the aqueous solution. The use of organic solvents resulted either in a single fluorescence maximum, double fluorescence (two well-resolved emission bands), or the dual fluorescence effect. The results obtained suggest that the fluorescence emission effects in 1,3,4-thiadiazoles are associated with both the conformational isomerism and the chromophore aggregation phenomena.

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The implementation of a mathematical model of variously

structured bioreactors cascades

Jakub Szyman, Bolesław Tabiś

Technical Transactions, Volume 3 Year 2017 (114), 2017, pp. 63-71

https://doi.org/10.4467/2353737XCT.17.032.6343

This paper paper the results of the stationary characteristics of CSTR bioreactor cascades with a modifiable structure, obtained by the way of numerical experiments. As a technological example, the biodegradation of phenol was chosen.

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CIVIL ENGINEERING

The monitoring of a substrate strengthened with concrete

columns

Łukasz Bednarski, Mariusz Posłajko, Tomasz Howiacki, Rafał Sieńko

Technical Transactions, Volume 3 Year 2017 (114), 2017, pp. 73-85

https://doi.org/10.4467/2353737XCT.17.033.6344

The process of interaction between the ground and screw displacement columns (SDC) in transferring loads has not yet been sufficiently investigated. This paper presents the results of pioneering tests in this field, carried out with the application of a long-term structural health monitoring system.

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The influence of underground coal mining on an overhead

high-voltage power line

Tadeusz Majcherczyk, Zbigniew Niedbalski

Technical Transactions, Volume 3 Year 2017 (114), 2017, pp. 87-100

https://doi.org/10.4467/2353737XCT.17.034.6345

The primary aim of this study is the analysis of the influence of multi-seam coal mining on a specific 110 kV overhead high-voltage power line. The paper presents the results of geodesic measurements of surface deformation in the area of the analysed location. The study also analyses mining-induced changes in the construction and the inclination of the transmission pylons. Some proposals for the reinforcement of the pylons are suggested. Additionally, pressing issues are identified indicating the necessity for the replacement of the existing pylon system of the overhead high-voltage power line.

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Stress corrosion of epoxy-glass composites monitored using

acoustic emission

Grzegorz Świt, Anna Adamczak

Technical Transactions, Volume 3 Year 2017 (114), 2017, pp. 101-114

https://doi.org/10.4467/2353737XCT.17.035.6346

In the building industry, polymeric matrix composites filled with glass, carbon, graphite, polypropylene, or Kevlar filaments are commonly used. However, it is notable that the wider use of composites is limited by a lack of sound knowledge regarding their properties their responses to exposure to various environments. In this respect, the alkaline and acid environments may have a significant influence on the response of epoxyglass composites which are most commonly in use. They may undergo stress corrosion and the resulting cracks reduce the strength of the composite. Within this work, a method based on acoustic emission measurement is devised which allows the determination of the beginning of cracking and of the intensity of the corrosive cracking of filaments in a loaded composite. This is substantial in terms of the diagnosing of the functioning structures.

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Influence, of time randomness execution of work, on lenght

of the construction cycle

Andrzej Więckowski

Technical Transactions, Volume 3 Year 2017 (114), 2017, pp. 115-123

https://doi.org/10.4467/2353737XCT.17.036.6347

The objective of this paper is to analyse the time reserves in scheduling periods for conducting processes that ensure construction deadlines can be met. By using the probability account and numerical analyses methods, including ‘Monte Carlo’, execution cycles have been analysed, as well as summary stoppage times for executing teams and working areas. On the basis of calculations made using data from studies made during the construction office building in Krakow it was stated that in order to keep to the planned deadline, must be smaller periods of performance of works by individual brigades, an average of 0,103 times of rhythm.

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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINERING

Influence of fly ash from the thermal treatment of municipal

sewage sludge on chosen properties of hardening slurries

Paweł Falaciński

Technical Transactions, Volume 3 Year 2017 (114), 2017, pp. 125-138

https://doi.org/10.4467/2353737XCT.17.037.6348

Over recent years in Poland, there has been a rapid accumulation of sewage sludge – a by-product of the treatment of urban wastewater. This has come about as a result of infrastructure renewal, specifically, the construction of modern sewage treatment plants. As a consequence, the amount of fly ash resulting from the thermal treatment of municipal sewage sludge has grown significantly. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the possibility of using the fly ash that results from municipal sewage sludge thermal treatment (SSTT) as an additive to hardening slurries. The article presents the technological and functional parameters of hardening slurries with the addition of fly ash obtained by SSTT. Moreover, the usefulness of these slurries is analysed on the basis of their basic properties. The mandated requirements for slurries employed in the construction of cut-off walls in flood embankments are listed as a criterion of usefulness. On the basis of this experiment, the usefulness of fly ash obtained through SSTT as an addition to hardening slurries was identified

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Analysis of the technical condition of the sewage collector with the use of numerical simulation

Paweł Popielski, Błażej Smoliński, Apoloniusz Kodura

Technical Transactions, Volume 3 Year 2017 (114), 2017, pp. 139-151

https://doi.org/10.4467/2353737XCT.17.038.6349

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the technical condition of the sewage collector located under Krakowska Avenue in Warsaw. The cross section of the collector is an extended ovoid with the dimensions of 1400 × 800 mm. Current operational problems as well as the reasons for specific faults and failures were discussed. The numerical models generated according to the collected data and the technical documentation were presented. Boundary and initial conditions taken into account in the analysis process and the assumed calculation scenarios were also described. The results obtained as well asthe considered modernization projects, along with selected optimal technical solutions, were discussed.

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Polybrominated flame retardants in sewage sludge and

sediments (review)

Małgorzata Kryłów, Piotr Rezka

Technical Transactions, Volume 3 Year 2017 (114), 2017, pp. 153-166

https://doi.org/10.4467/2353737XCT.17.144.7017

This paper is a wide review of literature concerning the presence of flame retardants in sediments, treated wastewater, sewage sludge and the possibilities of their biodegradation. These compounds are widely applied in, for example, the textile and electronics industries. Flame retardants (FRs) are hydrophobic with very low solubility in water; however, they are released slowly during the washing of clothing, and as a result of the discarding of waste electronic products, etc. FRs show low mobility in the environment and can accumulate in wastewater, sewage sludge, in sediments in the beds of rivers and lakes, and in soil. Total concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) ranged from 0.59 to 48.000 ng/g d.w and decaBDE (BDE 209) concentrations from 0.4 to 47,400 ng/g d.w. BDE 209 dominated the congener profile.

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The efficiency of the aeration process in airlift reactors with

moving beds

Sebastian Kujawiak, Anna Gawrońska, Radosław Matz, Małgorzata Makowska

Technical Transactions, Volume 3 Year 2017 (114), 2017, pp. 167-172

https://doi.org/10.4467/2353737XCT.17.039.6350

The current work consisted of performing tests on the prototype airlift reactor, examining the efficiency of oxygenation in an airlift reactor equipped with an airlift pump and an additional nozzle to aerate and mix water in the tank. In particular, the objective was to find the optimal submergence of the nozzle which would allow achieving the best possible oxygenation of water with adequate lift efficiency. The testing was performed in two series: with a tank fully filled with water; with a tank filled with 80% water and 20% moving bed. The use of a moving bed with a high specific surface area significantly improved aeration conditions and decreased mixture flow velocity thus causing an increase of gas and liquid contact time. The research has shown the effect of nozzle position on the aeration and circulation conditions in the reactor.

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MECHANICS

An algorithm for the determination of the control parameters of a multisource drive system

Krzysztof Kędzia

Technical Transactions, Volume 3 Year 2017 (114), 2017, pp. 173-182

https://doi.org/10.4467/2353737XCT.17.040.6351

This article presents an application of the kinetostatic method. The kinetostatic method is a universal method for determining optimum control of unit components in a multisource drive system with regard to selected energetic or ecological criteria. The method’s algorithm and mathematical models for components with descriptions are presented. Example results of this method when applied to a hydrostatic multisource drive system composed of hydrostatic transmission, gas-loaded accumulator and IC engine as the primary source of energy, are presented.

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Mathematical modelling of the unsteady operation of a plate

and fin heat exchanger for the time-varying mass flow rate of

liquid and air velocity

Anna Korzeń, Dawid Taler

Technical Transactions, Volume 3 Year 2017 (114), 2017, pp. 183-196

https://doi.org/10.4467/2353737XCT.17.041.6352

The mathematical simulation of a plate fin and tube heat exchanger is presented in this paper. The simulation of the transient operation of the heat exchanger was carried out using a general numerical model that was previously developed by the authors. The Reynolds number of the water flowing inside the tubes varied in the range from 4000 to 12000. A detailed analysis of the transient response of a heat exchanger to sudden increase in water mass flow rate and the simultaneous reduction in air flow velocity was modelled. Heat transfer correlations for air and water were determined based on the experimental data. Unknown parameters appearing in the relationships for the Nusselt numbers on the airand water-sides were estimated using the least squares method. A set of partial differential equations for the temperature of water, air, tube wall, and fins was solved using the finite volume method. The results of the numerical simulations of a heat exchanger using experimentally determined air and water-side heat transfer formulas for the calculation of heat transfer coefficients were compared with the experimental data. Excellent agreement between computation results (air and water temperatures at the outlet of the heat exchanger) and experimental results was obtained.

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A thermodynamic and technical analysis of a zero-emission

power plant in pomerania

Paweł Ziółkowski, Janusz Badur

Technical Transactions, Volume 3 Year 2017 (114), 2017, pp. 197-210

https://doi.org/10.4467/2353737XCT.17.042.6353

This paper presents the results of a thermodynamic analysis and a method of selecting individual devices and their components to design a zero-emission power plant project in Pomerania. Another aim of the paper is to present the technological abilities of the application of gas-steam turbines with a particular emphasis on enhanced energy conversion in the construction of a wet combustion chamber using cooling water transpiration and a gas-steam expander.

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Słowa kluczowe: recreational spaces, architecture of Finland, housing environment, residential complexes, diffusion, chemical reaction, approximate kinetic model, monolithic catalysts, 3D printing, oxidative coupling of methane, cular formulas of hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons, double fluorescence, dual fluorescence effect, molecular spectroscopy, chromophore aggregation, 1, 3, 4-thiadiazole, charge transfer (CT), bioreactor, cascade, biodegradation, substrate inhibition, SDC columns, force distribution, structural health monitoring systems, mining, surface deformations, power line protection, destructive processes, monitoring, acoustic emission, stress corrosion, epoxy-glass composites, time reserves, random processes, construction cycle, hardening slurry, cut-off walls, fly ash from thermal treatment of municipal sewage sludge, hydraulic conductivity, numericalsimulation, sewage collectors, geotechnics, PBDE, FRs, wastewater treatment plant, WWTP, sewage sludge, sediments, airlift reactor, aeration, moving bed, multisource drive systems, kinetostatic method algorithm, hydrostatic drives, energy optimization, ecology, plate-fin and tube heat exchanger; experimental determination of heat transfer correlations; numerical modelling; transient response; transition tube flow, enhanced energy conversion, thermal transpiration, nanoscale effect

Volume 3 Year 2017 (114)

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