<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xml:lang="en"
    xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
    xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
    <processing-meta tagset-family="jats" base-tagset="publishing" mathml-version="2.0" table-model="xhtml"/>
    <front>
                        
                        <journal-meta>
            <issn>1425-6851</issn>
                                </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <title-group>
                                    <article-title>Naturellement: Speech Variants of Holocaust Bystanders in Claude Lanzmann’s Shoah</article-title>
                            </title-group>

                        <contrib-group>
                                                            <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
                            <name>
                                <surname>Sendyka</surname>
                                <given-names>Roma </given-names>
                            </name>
                            <role>author</role>
                                                                                                                                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                                                                                        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor-1"/>
                        </contrib>
                                            <contrib contrib-type="translator" corresp="no">
                            <name>
                                <surname>Skucińska</surname>
                                <given-names>Anna </given-names>
                            </name>
                            <role>translator</role>
                                                                                                                                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
                                                                                        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor-2"/>
                        </contrib>
                                                </contrib-group>

                                                                                        <aff id="aff-1">
                    <institution-wrap>
                        <institution>Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie</institution>
                                                    <institution-id institution-id-type="ROR">03bqmcz70</institution-id>
                                            </institution-wrap>
                </aff>
                                                                                            <aff id="aff-2">
                    <institution-wrap>
                        <institution>Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie, Polska, ul. Gołębia 24, 31-007 Kraków</institution>
                                            </institution-wrap>
                </aff>
                            
            <author-notes>
                                    <corresp id="cor-1">Correspondence to: Roma  Sendyka <email>roma.sendyka@uj.edu.pl</email></corresp>
                                    <corresp id="cor-2">Correspondence to: Anna  Skucińska <email></email></corresp>
                            </author-notes>

                            <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2019-12-11">
                    <day>11</day>
                    <month>12</month>
                    <year>2019</year>
                </pub-date>
            
            <volume>Special Issue 2019 – Translation and Memory</volume>
            <issue>Numery anglojęzyczne</issue>
                        <fpage>7</fpage>
                                    <lpage>25</lpage>
            
            <permissions>
                <copyright-statement>Copyright &#x00A9; 2019</copyright-statement>
                                    <copyright-year>2019</copyright-year>
                            </permissions>

            <funding-group specific-use="Crossref">
                <funding-statement>This article appears in English thanks to the financial support of the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (grant no. 643/P-DUN/2018).</funding-statement>
            </funding-group>
        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <body>
        &lt;p&gt;The article discusses the testimonies of bystanders as presented to the public in Claude Lanzmann’s documentary Shoah. It proposes to apply norms and practices developed within Holocaust studies to the analysis of the victims’ testimonies in the emerging field of bystander studies. The Polish bystanders’ utterances in the documentary were edited and simplified through the process of interpretation and re-translation; this inaccurate rendition has been used in Holocaust debates and the lack of sensibility to this aspect of communication in Lanzmann’s film may result in skewed interpretation of the bystanders’ engagement in the scene of violence. The analysis proves that without renewed scrutiny to the bystanders’ speech Holocaust research may lose some important insights. Signs of violence impact, traces of traumatization or brutalization, specificity of cognitive and affective response may be overlooked. The paper calls for an universalizing epistemic approach to all types of the speech emerging from the Holocaust, beyond the (debatable) divisions of its social fabric into victims, perpetrators and bystanders.&lt;/p&gt;
    </body>
    <back>
                    <ref-list>
                                                                                <ref id="B1">
                            <label>1</label>
                            <article-title>Barnett V. 2000. Bystanders: Conscience and Complicity During the Holocaust. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B2">
                            <label>2</label>
                            <article-title>Beauvoir de S. 1985. „La Memoire de l’horreur”, in: C. Lanzmann, Shoah: An Oral History of the Holocaust, New York: Pantheon Books.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B3">
                            <label>3</label>
                            <article-title>Bikont A. 1997. ‟A on krzyczał: ‘Wszyscy jesteście kapo’”, Gazeta Wyborcza, 4 October, p. 10.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B4">
                            <label>4</label>
                            <article-title>Błoński J. 1987. ‟Biedni Polacy patrzą na getto”, Tygodnik Powszechny 2, 1,4.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B5">
                            <label>5</label>
                            <article-title>Browning Ch.R. 1992. Ordinary Men, New York: Harper Collins.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B6">
                            <label>6</label>
                            <article-title>Cazenave J. 2019. An Archive of the Catastrophe: The Unused Footage of Claude Lanzmann’s Shoah, New York: SUNY Press.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B7">
                            <label>7</label>
                            <article-title>Cesarani D., Levine P.A. 2014. Bystanders to the Holocaust: A Re-Evaluation, New York: Routledge.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B8">
                            <label>8</label>
                            <article-title>Dayan-Rosenman A. 1990. Shoah: L’écho du silence, in: M.E. Deguy, Au sujet de Shoah: le film de Claude Lanzmann, Paris: Belin.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B9">
                            <label>9</label>
                            <article-title>Dickinson J.K., Hilberg R. 2001. German and Jew: The Life and Death of Sigmund Stein, Chicago: Ivan R. Dee.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B10">
                            <label>10</label>
                            <article-title>Domańska E. 2017. ‟Sprawiedliwość epistemiczna w humanistyce zaangażowanej”, Teksty Drugie 1, pp. 41–59.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B11">
                            <label>11</label>
                            <article-title>Felman Sh. 2000. “In an Era of Testimony: Claude Lanzmann’s ‘Shoah’”, Yale French Studies 97, pp. 103–150.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B12">
                            <label>12</label>
                            <article-title>Felman Sh., Laub D. 1992. Testimony: Crises of Witnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis, and History, London: Taylor &amp;amp; Francis.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B13">
                            <label>13</label>
                            <article-title>recki P. 2010. Od Shoah do Strachu, Poznań: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B14">
                            <label>14</label>
                            <article-title>Głowacka D. 2012. Disappearing Traces: Holocaust Testimonials, Ethics, and Aesthetics, Seattle: University of Washington Press.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B15">
                            <label>15</label>
                            <article-title>Głowacka D. 2016a. ‟Wieża Babel. Świadectwa Holokaustu a etyka przekładu”, Przekładaniec. A Journal of Translation Studies 29, pp. 229–255.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B16">
                            <label>16</label>
                            <article-title>Głowacka D. 2016b. ‟Współ-pamięć, pamięć ‘negatywna’ i dylematy przekładu w ‘wycinkach’ z Shoah Claude’a Lanzmanna, Teksty Drugie 6, pp. 297–311.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B17">
                            <label>17</label>
                            <article-title>Głowacka D. 2018. The Tower of Babel: Holocaust Testimonials and the Ethics of Translation,  Gugelberger G., Kearney M. 1991. ‟Voices for the Voiceless: Testimonial Literature in Latin America”. Latin American Perspectives 18.3, pp. 3–14.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B18">
                            <label>18</label>
                            <article-title>Hilberg R. 1992. Perpetrators Victims Bystanders: The Jewish Catastrophe, 1933–1945, New York, NY: Harper Collins.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B19">
                            <label>19</label>
                            <article-title>Hilberg R. 1996. The Politics of Memory: The Journey of a Holocaust Historian, Chicago: Ivan R. Dee.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B20">
                            <label>20</label>
                            <article-title>Hilberg R. 2007. Sprawcy, ofiary, świadkowie: zagłada Żydów 1933–1945, trans. J. Giebułtowski, Warszawa: Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów, Wydawnictwo Cyklady.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B21">
                            <label>21</label>
                            <article-title>Janicka B. 1985. ‟Garną się do skandalu. Z Barbarą Janicką rozmawia Anna Matałowska”, Polityka 18, pp. 10–11.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B22">
                            <label>22</label>
                            <article-title>Kaufmann F. 1993. “Interview et interprétation consécutive dans le film Shoah, de Claude Lanzmann”, Meta 38 (4), pp. 664–673.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B23">
                            <label>23</label>
                            <article-title>Kidron C.A. 2009. ‟Toward an Ethnography of Silence. The Lived Presence of the Past in the Everyday Life of Holocaust Trauma Survivors and Their Descendants in Israel”, Current Anthropology 50 (1), pp. 5–27.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B24">
                            <label>24</label>
                            <article-title>Kuryluk E. 1986. “Memory and Responsibility: Claude Lanzmann’s Shoah”, The New Criterion 4 (3), pp. 14–20.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B25">
                            <label>25</label>
                            <article-title>Kushner T. 2006. “Holocaust Testimony, Ethics, and the Problem of Representation”, Poetics Today 27, 275–295, doi: 10.1215/03335372-2005-004.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B26">
                            <label>26</label>
                            <article-title>Kwieciński B. 2012. Obrazy i klisze. Między biegunami wizualnej pamięci Zagłady, Kraków: Universitas.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B27">
                            <label>27</label>
                            <article-title>Lanzmann C. 1985a. Shoah, Paris: Gallimard.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B28">
                            <label>28</label>
                            <article-title>Lanzmann C. 1985b. Shoah: An Oral History of the Holocaust, New York: Pantheon Books.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B29">
                            <label>29</label>
                            <article-title>Lanzmann C. 1993. Shoah, trans. M. Bieńczyk, Koszalin: Oficyna wydawnicza „Novex”.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B30">
                            <label>30</label>
                            <article-title>Lanzmann C. 2009. Shoah: A film by Claude Lanzmann, Videofilmexpress.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B31">
                            <label>31</label>
                            <article-title>Lanzmann C. 2010. Zając z Patagonii: (pamiętniki), trans. M. Ochab, Wołowiec: Wydawnictwo Czarne.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B32">
                            <label>32</label>
                            <article-title>Lanzmann C. 2013. The Patagonian Hare: A Memoir, trans. F. Wynne, London: Atlantic Books.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B33">
                            <label>33</label>
                            <article-title>Laub D. 2009. On Holocaust Testimony and Its ‘Reception’ within Its Own Frame, as a Process in Its Own Right: A Response to “Between History and Psychoanalysis” by Thomas Trezise, History and Memory 21 (1), 127–150, https://doi.org/10.2979/his.2009.21.1.127. </article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B34">
                            <label>34</label>
                            <article-title>Liebman S. 2007. Claude Lanzmann’s Shoah: Key Essays. Oxford–New York: Oxford University Press.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B35">
                            <label>35</label>
                            <article-title>Łysak T. 2016. Od kroniki do filmu posttraumatycznego – filmy dokumentalne o Zagładzie, Warszawa: IBL.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B36">
                            <label>36</label>
                            <article-title>Majewski T., Zeidler-Janiszewska A. 2011. Pamięć Shoah. Kulturowe reprezentacje i praktyki upamiętnienia, Łódź: Officyna.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B37">
                            <label>37</label>
                            <article-title>McGlothlin E. 2010. Listening to the Perpetrators in Claude Lanzmann’s “Shoah”, Colloquia Germanica 43 (3), pp. 235–271.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B38">
                            <label>38</label>
                            <article-title>Morina Ch., Thijs K. (eds.). 2019. Probing the Limits of Categorization: The Bystander in Holocaust History. New York – Oxford: Berghahn Books.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B39">
                            <label>39</label>
                            <article-title>Niziołek G. 2016. “Lęk przed afektem”, Didaskalia 116, pp. 9–17.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B40">
                            <label>40</label>
                            <article-title>Olin M. 1997. Lanzmann’s Shoah and the Topography of the Holocaust Film, Representations 57, pp. 1–23</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B41">
                            <label>41</label>
                            <article-title>Pawlicka-Nowak Ł. (ed.). 2004a. Mówią świadkowie Chełmna. Konin: Muzeum Okręgowe; Łódź: Oficyna Bibliofilów.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B42">
                            <label>42</label>
                            <article-title>Pawlicka-Nowak Ł. (ed.). 2004b. Chełmno Witnesses Speak, trans. J.D. Golden, A. Kamiński. Konin: The District Museum; Łódź: Oficyna Bibliofilów.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B43">
                            <label>43</label>
                            <article-title>Rosen A. 2008. Sounds of Defiance: The Holocaust, Multilingualism, and the Problem of English, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B44">
                            <label>44</label>
                            <article-title>Sawisz A. 1992. „Obraz Żydów i stosunków polsko-żydowskich w listach telewidzów po emisji filmu ‟Shoah”, in: A. Jasińska-Kania (ed.), Bliscy i dalecy. Studia nad postawami wobec innych narodów, ras i grup etnicznych. Warszawa: Uniwersytet Warszawski, Instytut Socjologii, pp. 137–165.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B45">
                            <label>45</label>
                            <article-title>Schlott R. 2019. “Raul Hilberg and His ‘Discovery’ of the Bystander”, in: Ch. Morina, K. Thijs (eds.), Probing the Limits of Categorization: The Bystander in Holocaust History. New York – Oxford: Berghahn Books, pp. 36–51.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B46">
                            <label>46</label>
                            <article-title>Sendyka R. et al. (eds). 2017. Nie-miejsca pamięci. Elementarz, Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Wydział Polonistyki.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B47">
                            <label>47</label>
                            <article-title>Skibińska A. 2004a. “Interviews with Chełmno Residents Carried Out by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum”, in: Ł. Pawlicka-Nowak (ed.), The Extermination Center for Jews in Chełmno-on-Ner in the Light of the Latest Research: Symposium Proceedings, September 6–7, trans. A. Kamiński, K. Krawczyk, Konin: The Yad Vashem Institute in Jerusalem, The District Museum in Konin, pp. 45–63.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B48">
                            <label>48</label>
                            <article-title>Skibińska A. 2004b. „Wywiady z mieszkańcami okolic Chełmna nad Nerem przeprowadzone przez US Holocaust Memorial Museum”, in: Ł. Pawlicka-Nowak (ed.), Ośrodek Zagłady Żydów w Chełmnie nad Nerem w świetle najnowszych badań. Materiały z sesji naukowej, Konin: Yad Vashem Institute, Muzeum Okręgowe, pp. 44–56.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B49">
                            <label>49</label>
                            <article-title>Stoicea G. 2006. “The Difficulties of Verbalizing Trauma: Translation and the Economy of Loss in ClaudeLanzmann’s ‘Shoah’”, The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association 39 (2), pp. 43–53.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B50">
                            <label>50</label>
                            <article-title>Tokarska-Bakir J. 2010. ‟Spowiedź farmazona”, Dwutygodnik 46, https://www.dwutygodnik.com/artykul/1706-spowiedz-farmazona.html (access: 2.05.2019).</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B51">
                            <label>51</label>
                            <article-title>Wieviorka A. 2006. The Era of the Witness, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B52">
                            <label>52</label>
                            <article-title>Young J.E. 1988. Writing and Rewriting the Holocaust: Narrative and the Consequences of Interpretation, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                </ref-list>
            </back>
</article>
