<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xml:lang="en"
    xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
    xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
    <processing-meta tagset-family="jats" base-tagset="publishing" mathml-version="2.0" table-model="xhtml"/>
    <front>
                        
                        <journal-meta>
            <issn>1897-3426</issn>
                                        <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Jagiellonian University in Kraków</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <title-group>
                                    <article-title>Poetic Baggage: Representations of Camp Followers in the Latin Verse Inscriptions</article-title>
                            </title-group>

                        <contrib-group>
                                                            <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
                            <name>
                                <surname>Cenati</surname>
                                <given-names>Chiara</given-names>
                            </name>
                            <role>author</role>
                                                                                                                                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                                                                                        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor-1"/>
                        </contrib>
                                            <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
                            <name>
                                <surname>Kruschwitz</surname>
                                <given-names>Peter</given-names>
                            </name>
                            <role>author</role>
                                                                                                                                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
                                                                                        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor-2"/>
                        </contrib>
                                                </contrib-group>

                                                                                        <aff id="aff-1">
                    <institution-wrap>
                        <institution>University of Vienna</institution>
                                            </institution-wrap>
                </aff>
                                                                        
            <author-notes>
                                    <corresp id="cor-1">Correspondence to: Chiara Cenati <email></email></corresp>
                                    <corresp id="cor-2">Correspondence to: Peter Kruschwitz <email></email></corresp>
                            </author-notes>

                            <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2024-05-17">
                    <day>17</day>
                    <month>05</month>
                    <year>2024</year>
                </pub-date>
            
            <volume>Volume 31</volume>
            <issue>2024</issue>
                        <fpage>153</fpage>
                                    <lpage>183</lpage>
            
            <permissions>
                <copyright-statement>Copyright &#x00A9; 2024</copyright-statement>
                                    <copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
                            </permissions>

            <funding-group specific-use="Crossref">
                <funding-statement>&lt;div&gt;This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 832874 – MAPPOLA).&lt;/div&gt;</funding-statement>
            </funding-group>
        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <body>
        Each unit of the Roman army constituted a major logistic operation that cannot be reduced to the fighting men who formed their core and purpose. While camp followers are depicted in literary sources especially as an hindrance to war operations, inscriptions provide a different picture of the world that gravitated around the military forts and fortresses. In the military settlements that guarded the &lt;em&gt;limes&lt;/em&gt;, the presence of paramilitary and non-military personnel did not represent a burden, but an important part of the military economy, which in some cases even led to the emergence of a new business class. In this paper, we provide an anthology of verse inscriptions dedicated by, or to, camp followers, with a view to showcase how their everyday interactions with the army were conceptualised and verbalised, ultimately contributing to a richer picture of the &lt;em&gt;limes &lt;/em&gt;social ecosystem.
    </body>
    <back>
                    <ref-list>
                                                                                <ref id="B1">
                            <label>1</label>
                            <article-title>Alexandrescu, C.-G. (2010), Blasmusiker und Standartenträger im römischen Heer. Untersuchungen zur Benennung, Funktion und Ikonographie, Cluj-Napoca.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B2">
                            <label>2</label>
                            <article-title>Bollini, M. (1997), Passando in rivista la flotta. Appunti sulla marina militare romana, Ferrara.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B3">
                            <label>3</label>
                            <article-title>Brancato N. G. (2015), Una componente trasversale nella società romana: gli alumni. Inscriptiones latinae ad alumnos pertinentes commentariumque, Roma.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B4">
                            <label>4</label>
                            <article-title>Breeze, D. J. (2000), Supplying the Army, in: G. Alföldy et al. (eds.), Kaiser, Heer und Gesellschaft in der römischen Kaiserzeit. Gedenkschrift für E. Birley, Stuttgart: 59–64.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B5">
                            <label>5</label>
                            <article-title>Busch, S. (1999), Versus Balnearum. Die antike Dichtung über Bäder und Baden im römischen Reich, Stuttgart.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B6">
                            <label>6</label>
                            <article-title>Camacho, M. (2009), Epitafio de Firma, elogio de Epafrodito: nueva edición, comentario y problemas de CIL II 1399 (&amp;#61; CLE 1140), in: X. Gómez Font, C. Fernández Martínez, J. Gómez Pallarès (eds.), Literatura epigráfica. Estudios dedicados a Gabriel Sanders. Actas de la III Reunión Internacional de Poesía Epigráfica Latina (Valencia, 13–15 de abril de 2007), Zaragoza: 203–223.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B7">
                            <label>7</label>
                            <article-title>Cenati, C. (2022), AEp 1993, 335 e CIL VI, 3195: due riletture, Epigraphica 84: 563–634.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B8">
                            <label>8</label>
                            <article-title>Cenati, C. (2023), Miles in Urbe. Identità e autorappresentazione nelle iscrizioni dei soldati di origine danubiana e balcanica a Roma, Roma.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B9">
                            <label>9</label>
                            <article-title>Cenati, C. (forthcoming), Poetry from the Limes: The Verse Inscriptions of the Soldiers Serving in Rome, in: D. Massimo, C. Ricci (eds.), City of Strangers: Archaeological and Epigraphic Perspectives on Foreigners in Ancient Rome, Roma.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B10">
                            <label>10</label>
                            <article-title>Cenati, C. (2024, forthcoming), Revisiting four Latin Inscriptions from Roman Tomis, in: L. Mihailescu-Bîrliba (ed.), Mensa Rotunda Epigraphica. Papers of the Conference held in Iaşi, 20th–21th of September 2022, Cluj-Napoca: 175–198.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B11">
                            <label>11</label>
                            <article-title>Cenati, C., González Berdús, V. (forthcoming), Verse Inscriptions from the Limes of Moesia Inferior, in: I. Topalilov (ed.), Roman Provincial Society in the Lower Danube, Shumen.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B12">
                            <label>12</label>
                            <article-title>Courtney, E. (1995), Musa Lapidaria: A Selection of Latin Verse Inscriptions, Atlanta/Georgia.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B13">
                            <label>13</label>
                            <article-title>Cugusi, P. (1995), L’epigrafe metrica di Noviodunum, Epigraphica 57: 282–286 &amp;#61; P. Cugusi (2016), Versi su pietra III, Faenza: 1605–1610.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B14">
                            <label>14</label>
                            <article-title>Cugusi, P. (2000), Recupero di una “perla” epigrafica. Per l’esegesi degli epigrammi di Noviodunum, Res Publica Litterarum 23 (n.s. III): 73–103 &amp;#61; P. Cugusi (2016), Versi su pietra III, Faenza: 1611–1643.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B15">
                            <label>15</label>
                            <article-title>Delamarre, X. (2007), Nomina Celtica Antiqua Selecta Inscriptionum. Noms de personnes celtiques dans l’épigraphie classique, Paris.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B16">
                            <label>16</label>
                            <article-title>Donati, A. (1987), Su un carme ratiariense (ed altra nota epigrafica), Ratiariensia 3–4: 127–130.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B17">
                            <label>17</label>
                            <article-title>Di Stefano Manzella, I. (2008), Q(uinti) n(epos) o Q(uinti) n(ostri)? Tre are della famiglia degli Antigoni nel monumentum Volusiorum, fra datio loci e permissus, in: M. L. Caldelli, G. L. Gregori, S. Orlandi (eds.), Actes du XIV Rencontré sur l’épigraphie du monde Romain (Roma 18–21 Octobre 2006), Roma, 299–322.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B18">
                            <label>18</label>
                            <article-title>Domaszewski A. (1981³), Die Rangordnung des römischen Heeres. Einführung, Berichtigungen und Nachträge von B. Dobson, Köln–Wien.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B19">
                            <label>19</label>
                            <article-title>Fernández Martínez, C. (1998), Poesía Epigráfica Latina, I, Madrid.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B20">
                            <label>20</label>
                            <article-title>Gamberale, L. (1989), A proposito di due carmi epigrafici di Noviodunum (Inscr. Scyth. min. V 281; AE 1977, 762 e 1984, 793), ZPE 77: 43–54.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B21">
                            <label>21</label>
                            <article-title>Grassl, H. (2009), Das Grabepigramm für L. Cominius Firmus aus Carnuntum, RÖ 32: 103–106.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B22">
                            <label>22</label>
                            <article-title>Gudea N. (2005), Der untermoesische Donaulimes und die Verteidigung der moesischen Nord- und Westküste des Schwarzen Meeres. Limes et Litus Moesiae inferioris (86–275 n. Chr.), JRGZ 52.2: 319–566.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B23">
                            <label>23</label>
                            <article-title>Hanel, N. (2007), Military Camps, Canabae, and Vici: The Archaeological Evidence, in: P. Erdkamp, A Companion to the Roman Army, Oxford: 395–416.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B24">
                            <label>24</label>
                            <article-title>Hernández Pérez, R. (2001), Poesía latina sepulcral de la Hispania romana: estudio de los tópicos y sus formulaciones, Valencia.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B25">
                            <label>25</label>
                            <article-title>James, S. (2001), Soldiers and Civilians: Identity and Interaction in Roman Britain, in: S. James, M. Millett (eds.), Britons and Romans: Advancing an Archaeological Agenda, York: 77–89.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B26">
                            <label>26</label>
                            <article-title>James, S. (2018), Ghost Train: The (almost) Invisible Dependants of the Roman Garrison at Dura-Europos, Syria, in: T. Ivleva, J. De Bruin, M. Driessen (eds.), Embracing the Provinces: Society and Material Culture of the Roman Frontier Regions, Oxford: 37–48.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B27">
                            <label>27</label>
                            <article-title>Kehne, P. (2007), War- and Peacetime Logistics: Supplying Imperial Armies in East and West, in: P. Erdkamp (2007), A Companion to the Roman Army, Oxford: 323–338.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B28">
                            <label>28</label>
                            <article-title>Kolbeck, B. (2018), A Foot in Both Camps: The Civilian Suppliers of the Army in Roman Britain, Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal 1, http://doi.org/10.16995/traj.355.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B29">
                            <label>29</label>
                            <article-title>Kuntić-Makvić, B. (1976), Carmina epigraphica Latina Pannoniae Inferioris, Latina et Graeca 4: 33–66.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B30">
                            <label>30</label>
                            <article-title>Le Roux, P. (1982), L’Armée romaine et l’organisation des provinces ibériques d’Auguste à l’invasion de 409, Paris.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B31">
                            <label>31</label>
                            <article-title>Linden-High, A. C. (2020), Testamentary Manumission for Slaves of Roman Imperial soldiers, Tyche 35: 99–125.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B32">
                            <label>32</label>
                            <article-title>Loman, P. (2005), Mercenaries, Their Women, and Colonisation, Klio 87: 346–365.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B33">
                            <label>33</label>
                            <article-title>Luttwak, E. N. (1976), The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire from the First Century CE to the Third, Baltimore–London.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B34">
                            <label>34</label>
                            <article-title>MacMullen, R. (1967), Soldier and Civilian in the Later Roman Empire, Cambridge/MA.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B35">
                            <label>35</label>
                            <article-title>Magioncalda, A. (2010), Il principe e le suppliche di comunità provinciali: l’epigrafe da Skaptopara (Thracia) ed altre testimonianze dall’Impero, in: L. Zerbini (ed.), Roma e le province del Danubio. Atti del I Convegno Internazionale Ferrara-Cento 15–17 Ottobre 2009, Soveria Mannelli: 249–268.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B36">
                            <label>36</label>
                            <article-title>Marcovich, M. (1984), CIL III 6306 &amp;#61; 8153 (Singidunum) Revisited, ZPE 56: 231–236.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B37">
                            <label>37</label>
                            <article-title>Mariner, S. (1952), Inscripciones hispanas en verso, Madrid.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B38">
                            <label>38</label>
                            <article-title>Massaro, M. (2023), Da Roma al Danubio. Epitaffi metrici o affettivi per/di militari nelle province nordorientali dell’Impero, in: M. Horster (ed.), Carmina Latina Epigraphica – Developments, Dynamics, Preferences, Berlin: 15–73.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B39">
                            <label>39</label>
                            <article-title>Méa, C. (2012), Le salariarius : un contractuel de l’armée romaine, ZPE 181: 207–213.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B40">
                            <label>40</label>
                            <article-title>Mihailescu-Bîrliba, L. (1998), Le statut social des affranchis en Dacie par rapport à leur statut juridique. Les affranchissements et les héritages, Arheologia Moldovei 21: 213–216.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B41">
                            <label>41</label>
                            <article-title>Mitthof, F. (2001), Annona militaris. Die Heeresversorgung im spätantiken Ägypten, Firenze.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B42">
                            <label>42</label>
                            <article-title>Morin, A. (2006), La représentation des valets d’armée sur les stèles funéraires : quelles  interpretations de leurs fonctions et de leur statut?, in: L. Boudiou et al. (eds.), L’expression des corps : gestes, attitudes, regards dans l’iconographie antique, Rennes: 85–99.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B43">
                            <label>43</label>
                            <article-title>Nielsen, H. S. (1987), Alumnus: A Term of Relation Denoting quasi Adoption, Classica et Mediaevalia 38: 141–188.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B44">
                            <label>44</label>
                            <article-title>Papazoglu, F. (1971), Још једном о епиграму CIL III 8153, Živa Antika 21.2: 435–441.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B45">
                            <label>45</label>
                            <article-title>Phang, S. E. (2008), Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate, Cambridge–New York.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B46">
                            <label>46</label>
                            <article-title>Radulova, L. (2022), Legal Protection Granted to Soldiers’ Partners in the Military Diplomas, Právněhistorické studie 52.2: 11–23.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B47">
                            <label>47</label>
                            <article-title>Reddé, M. (1986), Mare Nostrum. Les infrastructures, le dispositif et l’histoire de la marine militaire sous l’empire romain, Rome.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B48">
                            <label>48</label>
                            <article-title>Rémy, B. (2012), La promotion par les armes. Exemples voconces et viennois. L. Valerius Seranus et Q. Etuuius Capreolus, in: B. Baudry, S. Destephen (eds.), La société romaine et ses élites. Hommages à Élizabeth Deniaux, Paris: 337–344.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B49">
                            <label>49</label>
                            <article-title>Roth, J. (1999), The Logistics of the Roman Army at War: 264 B.C.–A.D. 235, Leiden–Boston–Cologne.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B50">
                            <label>50</label>
                            <article-title>Saddington, D. B. (2007), Classes: The Evolution of the Roman Imperial Fleets, in: P. Erdkamp, A Companion to the Roman Army, Oxford: 201–217.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B51">
                            <label>51</label>
                            <article-title>Santero, J. M. (1978), Asociaciones populares en Hispania romana, Sevilla.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B52">
                            <label>52</label>
                            <article-title>Silver, M. (2016), Public Slaves in the Roman Army: An Exploratory Study, AncSoc 46: 203–240.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B53">
                            <label>53</label>
                            <article-title>Speidel, M. P. (1985), A Marsacus as a Horseguard’s Boy in Rome, Helinium 25: 254–257.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B54">
                            <label>54</label>
                            <article-title>Speidel, M. P. (1989), The Soldiers’ Servants, AncSoc 20: 239–248 &amp;#61; Speidel 1992: 342–352.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B55">
                            <label>55</label>
                            <article-title>Speidel, M. P. (1992), Roman Army Studies, vol. 2, Stuttgart.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B56">
                            <label>56</label>
                            <article-title>Speidel, M. P. (1994a), Die Denkmäler der Kaiserreiter – Equites singulares Augusti, Köln.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B57">
                            <label>57</label>
                            <article-title>Speidel, M. P. (1994b), Riding for Caesar: The Roman Emperors’s Horse Guards, London.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B58">
                            <label>58</label>
                            <article-title>Speidel, M. P., Panciera, S. (1989), From the North and Black Sea Shores: Two New Gravestones for Boys of the Equites Singulares Augusti, Chiron 19: 119–126 &amp;#61; S. Panciera, Epigrafi, epigrafia, epigrafisti. Scritti vari editi e inediti (1956–2005) con note complementari e indici, Roma 2006: 1415–1420.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B59">
                            <label>59</label>
                            <article-title>Stoll, O. (2001), Zwischen Integration und Abgrenzung: Die Religion des Römischen Heeres im Nahen Osten. Studien zum Verhältnis von Armee und Zivilbevölkerung im römischen Syrien und den Nachbargebieten, St. Katharinen.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B60">
                            <label>60</label>
                            <article-title>Stoll, O. (2006), Legionäre, Frauen, Militärfamilien. Untersuchungen zur Bevölkerungsstruktur und Bevölkerungsentwicklung in den Grenzprovinzen des Imperium Romanum, JRGZ 53.1: 217–344.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B61">
                            <label>61</label>
                            <article-title>Strobel, K. (2016), „Römische Vici“ – „Militärische Vici“ – „Zivile Vici“: Kunstbegriffe in der Forschung, in: Römische Vici und Verkehrsinfrastruktur in Raetien und Noricum (Colloquium Bedaium Seebruck, 26.–28. März 2015), München: 31–51.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B62">
                            <label>62</label>
                            <article-title>Thigpen, J. B. (1995), A Literary Analysis of Latin Epitaphs from Roman Spain wich contain Creative Biographical Discourse, Diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B63">
                            <label>63</label>
                            <article-title>Verboven, K. S. (2007), Good for Business: The Roman Army and the Emergence of a ‘Business Class’ in the Northwestern Provinces of the Roman Empire, in: L. de Blois, E. Lo Cascio (eds.), The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC–AD 476), Economic, Social, Political, Religious and Cultural Aspects, Leiden: 295–313.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B64">
                            <label>64</label>
                            <article-title>Vishnia, R. F. (2002), The Shadow Army: The Lixae and the Roman Legions, ZPE 139: 265–272.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B65">
                            <label>65</label>
                            <article-title>Vittinghoff, F. (1971), Die rechtliche Stellung der Canabae legionis und die Herkunftsangabe „castris“, Chiron 1: 299–318.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B66">
                            <label>66</label>
                            <article-title>Wille, G. (1967), Musica Romana, Amsterdam.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                </ref-list>
            </back>
</article>
