Al-Attar Z., Severe Mental Disorder and Terrorism: When Psychosis, PTSD and Addictions Become a Vulnerability, “The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology” 2020, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 950–970.

Among the believers are men: Abu Mujahid al-Faransi, “Rumiyah”, no. 11, pp. 44–52.

Barrelle K., Pro-integration: disengagement from and life after extremism, “Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression” 2014, vol. 7, no. 2.

Boles S.M., Miotto K., Substance abuse and violence. A review of the literature, “Aggression and Violent Behavior” 2003, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 155–174.

Borum R., Understanding the Terrorist Mindset, “FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin” 2003, vol. 72, no. 7, pp. 7–11.

Chitwood D.D., Weiss M.L., Leukefeld C.G., A Systematic Review of Recent Literature on Religiosity and Substance Use, “Journal of Drug Issues” 2008, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 653–688.

Clarke C.P., Drugs & thugs: funding terrorism through narcotics trafficking, “Journal of Strategic Security” 2016, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1–15.

Cornell S.E., Narcotics and Armed Conflict: Interaction and Implications, “Studies in Conflict and Terrorism” 2007, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 207–227.

Curtis G.C., Violence Breeds Violence – Perhaps?, “American Journal of Psychiatry” 1963, vol. 120, no. 4, pp. 386–387.

“Dabiq”, vol. 11, vol. 12.

Durrant R. et al., Drug use and addiction: evolutionary perspective, “Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry” 2009, vol. 43, no. 11, pp. 1049–1056.

El Khoury J., The use of stimulants in the ranks of Islamic State: myth or reality of the syrian conflict, “Studies in Conflict & Terrorism” 2020, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 679–687.

Frąckowiak M., Motyka M., Charakterystyka problemów społecznych związanych z nadużywaniem alkoholu (Eng. Characteristics of social problems related to alcohol abuse), “Hygeia Public Health” 2015, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 314–322.

Galanter M., Castaneda R., Self-destructive behavior in the substance abuser, “Psychiatric Clinics of North America” 1985, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 251–261.

Ghandour L.A., Karam E.G., Maalouf W.E., Lifetime alcohol use, abuse and dependence among university students in Lebanon: exploring the role of religiosity in different religious faiths, “Addiction” 2009, vol. 104, no. 6, pp. 940–948.

Gill P., Corner E., There and Back again: The study of mental disorder and terrorist involvement, “American Psychologist” 2017, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 231–241.

Gill P., Horgan J., Deckert P., Bombing Alone: Tracing the Motivations and Antecedent Behaviors of Lone-Actor Terrorists, “Journal of Forensic Sciences” 2014, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 425–435.

Hecker T., Haer R., Drugs boosting conflict? A micro-level test of the linkage between substance use and violence, “Terrorism and Political Violence” 2014, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 205–224.

Herrington L., Understanding Islamist Terrorism in Europe: Drugs, Jihad and the Pursuit of Martyrdom, London 2022.

Hussong A.M. et al., Testing whether and when parent alcoholism uniquely affects various forms of adolescent substance use, “Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology” 2012, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 1265–1276.

Jaśko K., LaFree G., Kruglański A., Quest for Significance and Violent Extremism: The Case of Domestic Radicalization, “Political Psychology” 2017, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 815–831.

Kałdon B., Wybrane aspekty funkcjonowania dorosłych dzieci alkoholików w życiu społecznym (Eng. Selected aspects of the social functioning of adult children of alcoholics), “Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe” 2015, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 95–106.

Koehler D., Violent extremism, mental health and substance abuse among adolescents: towards a trauma psychological perspective on violent radicalization and deradicalization, “The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology” 2020, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 455–472.

Kossowska M., Różnice indywidualne w potrzebie poznawczego domknięcia (Eng. Individual differences in the need for cognitive closure), “Przegląd Psychologiczny” 2003, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 355–373.

Lee H.H., Cranford J.A., Does resilience moderate the associations between parental problem drinking and adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing behaviors? A study of Korean adolescents, “Drug and Alcohol Dependence” 2008, vol. 96, no. 3, pp. 213–221.

Liem M. et al., European lone actor terrorists versus ‘common’ homicide offenders: An empirical analysis, “Homicide Studies” 2018, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 45–69.

Lowthian E., The secondary harms of parental substance use on children’s educational outcomes: a review, “Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma” 2022, vol. 15, pp. 511–522.

Łoza B., Smolaga P., Polikowska M., Zaburzenia psychiczne występujące po długotrwałej ekspozycji na narkotyki i alkohol (Eng. Mental disorders occurring after prolonged exposure to drugs and alcohol), “Neuropsychiatria. Przegląd Kliniczny” 2017, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 45–53.

Misiak B. et al., A systematic review on the relationship between mental health, radicalization and mass violence, “European Psychiatry” 2019, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 51–59.

Noor M. et al., ‘Terrorist’ or ‘mentally ill’: motivated biases rooted in partisanship shape attributions about violent actors, “Social Psychological and Personality Science” 2019, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 485–493.

Obaidi M. et al., Group-Based Relative Deprivation Explains Endorsement of Extremism Among Western-Born Muslims, “Psychological Science” 2019, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 596–605.

Oppetit A. et al., Do radicalized minors have different social and psychological profiles from radicalized adults?, “Frontiers in Psychiatry” 2019, vol. 10.

Piazza J.A., The illicit drug trade, counternarcotics strategies and terrorism, “Public Choice” 2011, vol. 149, no. 3–4, pp. 297–314.

Pisinger V.S.C., Bloomfeld K., Tolstrup J.S., Perceived parental alcohol problems, internalizing problems and impaired parent – child relationships among 71 988 young people in Denmark, “Addiction” 2016, vol. 111, no. 11, pp. 1966–1974.

Sanchez Z. et al., God Forbids or Mom Disapproves? Religious Beliefs That Prevent Drug Use Among Youth, “Journal of Adolescent Research” 2011, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 591–616.

Święty Koran (Eng. The Holy Qur’an), Islam International Publications Ltd 1996.

Terzis G., Media Stereotypes of Terrorism, in: Exchanging Terrorism Oxygen for Media Airwaves: The Age of Terroredia, M. Eid (ed.), Canada 2014, pp. 96–108.

Weenink W., Behavioral Problems and Disorders among Radicals in Police Files, “Perspectives on Terrorism” 2005, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 17–33.

Widom C., Long-term Consequences of Child Maltreatment, in: Handbook of Child Maltreatment, J. Korbin, R. Krugman (eds.), 2014, pp. 225–247.

Internet sources

Ahmed S., Botelho G., Who is Michael Zehaf-Bibeau, the man behind the deadly Ottawa attack?, CNN, 23 X 2014, https://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/22/world/canada-shooter/index.html [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

Andruszko N., Biorą go walczący i cywile. Ten narkotyk przeobraża Syrię w narkopaństwo (Eng. It is taken by fighters and civilians. This drug is transforming Syria into a narco-state), NOIZZ, 10 VIII 2021, https://noizz.pl/spoleczenstwo/ten-narkotyk-przeobraza-syrie-w-narko-panstwo-czym-jest-captagon/9vk1php [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

Basra R., Drugs and Terrorism: The Overlaps in Europe, ICSR Team, 26 XI 2019, https://icsr.info/2019/11/26/drugs-and-terrorism-the-overlaps-in-europe/ [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

Berwick A., A European Declaration of Independence, https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxicmVpdmlrcnVzaW5mb3JtfGd4OjM5NWY0MGJiYzAzYWY0N2E [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

Brown R.A. et al., Violent Extremism in America. Interviews with Former Extremists and Their Families on Radicalization and Deradicalization, RAND Corporation, 2021, https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA1071-1.html, p. 39 [accessed: 8 VIII 2022].

Brown R.A., Rajeev R., Helmus T.C., What Prevention and Treatment of Substance Use Disorder Can Tell Us About Addressing Violent Extremism, RAND Corporation, 2022, https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PEA1071-1.html [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

Carlsson L., Substance use and violent extremism, Radicalisation Awareness Network, 2021, https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/whats-new/publications/substance-use-and-violent-extremism_en [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

Casciani D., Safiyya Shaikh: How undercover operation caught a drug addict jihadist, BBC, 3 VII 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53264640 [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

Firdous I., What goes into the making of a suicide bomber, Tribune, 19 VII 2010, https://tribune.com.pk/story/28976/what-goes-into-the-making-of-a-suicide-bomber [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

Forsyth F., Terrorism attracts failures and losers, says Frederick Forsyth, Express, 31 III 2017, https://www.express.co.uk/comment/columnists/frederick-forsyth/786150/london-terror-attack-Terrorism-jihad-attracts-failures-losers-low-iq [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

‘He said the devil is after him’: What we know about Michael Zehaf-Bibeau, “The Sydney Morning Herald”, 23 X 2014, https://www.smh.com.au/world/he-said-the-devil-is-after-him-what-we-know-about-michael-zehafbibeau-20141023-11aljl.html [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

Hohol M., Brożek B., Homo fundamentalis, “Znak”, February 2016, https://www.miesiecznik.znak.com.pl/homo-fundamentalis/ [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

https://web.archive.org/web/20150724210028/https://lovdata.no/static/file/834/toslo-2011-188627-24e.pdf [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

https://www.kbpn.gov.pl/portal?id=112184 [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

Jensen M., Yates E., A pathway approach to the study of bias crime offenders, The National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), 2015, https://www.start.umd.edu/research-projects/pathway-approach-study-bias-crime-offenders [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

Khan P., This is your jihad on drugs, War on Rocks, 7 III 2016, https://warontherocks.com/2016/03/this-is-your-jihad-on-drugs/ [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

Litmanovitz Y. et al., What are the social, economic, psychological and environmental risk factors that lead to radicalization and recruitment to terrorism?, The Campbell Collaboration, 2017, https://campbellcollaboration.org/media/k2/attachments/CCJG_Litmanovitz_Title.pdf, p. 12 [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

Lynch L.E., Mason K.V., Rodriguez N., Radicalization and Violent Extremism: Lessons Learned From Canada, the U.K. and the U.S., National Institute of Justice, 2015, https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications/radicalization-and-violent-extremism-lessons-learned-canada-uk-and-us-meeting [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

Multi-problem target group: the influence of mental health disorders and substance abuse on Exit work, Radicalisation Awareness Network, 2018, https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2019-03/exit_hsc_paper_joint_meeting_vienna_07112018_en.pdf [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

Narkotyki (Eng. Drugs), Krajowe Biuro do Spraw Przeciwdziałania Narkomanii, 25 X 2010, https://www.kbpn.gov.pl/portal?id=112184 [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

Pisoiu D., Zick A., Srowig F., Factors of Individual Radicalization into Extremism, Violence and Terror – the German Contribution in a Context, “International Journal of Conflict and Violence” 2020, vol. 14, no. 2, https://www.ijcv.org/index.php/ijcv/article/view/3803 [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

PTSD, trauma, stress and the risk of (re)turning to violence, https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/system/files_en?file=2020-09/ran_h-sc_ptsd_trauma_stress_risk_re-turning_violence_lisbon_10-11_04_2018_en.pdf [accessed: 8 VIII 2022].

Simi P. et al., Addicted to hate: identity residual among former white supremacists, “American Sociological Review” 2017, vol. 82, no. 6, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/1003_OPSR_TP_Addicted-to-Hate_2017-508.pdf [accessed: 18 VII 2022].

R. c. Bissonnette, 2019 QCCS 354 (CanLII), https://canlii.ca/t/j1672 [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

Rae Ch.L. Differential brain responses for perception of pain during empathic response in binge drinkers compared to non-binge drinkers, “Neurolmage: Clinical” 2020, vol. 27, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213158220301595 [accessed: 27 XII 2022].

RCMP release video Michael Zehaf Bibeau made before attack on Ottawa, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PjHZLWddysA [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

Reiter J., Doosje B., Fedds A.R., Radicalization and Deradicalization: A qualitative analysis of parallels in relevant risk factors and trigger factors, 2021, https://psyarxiv.com/yne3v/ [accessed: 27 XII 2022].

Rolling J. et al., Violent Radicalization and Post-traumatic Dissociation: Clinical Case of a Young Adolescent Girl Radicalized, “Frontiers in Psychiatry”, 22 III 2022, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.793291/full [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

Schulten N. et al., Radicalization, terrorism & psychopathology: State of affairs, gaps and priorities for future research, University of Amsterdam - Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, 2019, https://repository.wodc.nl/bitstream/handle/20.500.12832/2397/2911_Summary_tcm28-373042.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y [accessed: 27 XII 2022].

Sentencing remarks: R v Safiyya Shaikh, https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Sentencing-Remarks-R-v-Shaikh-FINAL-APPROVED.pdf [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

Siaw M., Trauma-informed Approach in Countering Violent Extremism, INITIATE.MY, 1 IV 2022, https://initiate.my/trauma-informed-approach-in-preventing-violent--extremism-and-rehabilitating-and-reintegrating-violent-extremists/ [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

Sieckelinck S., Gielen A., Protective and promotive factors building resilience against violent radicalisation, Radicalisation Awareness Network, April 2018, https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/system/files_en?file=2020-09/ran_paper_protective_factors_042018_en.pdf [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

Simi P. et al., Trauma as a precursor to violent extremism, Start, April 2015, https://www.start.umd.edu/publication/trauma-precursor-violent-extremism [accessed: 27 XII 2022].

Simi P., Sporer K., Bubolz B., Narratives of childhood adversity and adolescent misconduct as precursors to violent extremism: a life-course criminological approach, “Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency” 2016, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1–28, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291728185_Narratives_of_Childhood_Adversity_and_
Adolescent_Misconduct_as_Precursors_to_Violent_Extremism_A_Life-Course_Criminological_Approach [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

Stańczyk P., Teoria domknięcia poznawczego (Eng. Cognitive closure theory), https://psyche.academy/psychologia-osobowosci/teoria-domkniecia-poznawczego/ [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

The Center for the Study of Trauma and Radicalization, https://thecstr.org/mission [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

The Great Replacement, https://img-prod.ilfoglio.it/userUpload/The_Great_
Replacementconvertito.pdf [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].

Vergani M. et al., The three Ps of radicalisation: Push, pull and personal. A systematic scoping review of the scientific evidence about radicalisation into violent extremism, “Studies in Conflict and Terrorism” 2018, vol. 43, no. 10, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326585283_The_3_
Ps_of_radicalisation_push_pull_and_personal_A_systematic_scoping_review_of_the_scientific_
evidence_about_radicalisation_into_violent_extremism [accessed: 27 XII 2022].

Windisch S. et al., Measuring the Extent and Nature of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) among Former White Supremacists, “Terrorism and Political Violence” 2020, vol. 34, no. 6, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342052130_Measuring_the_Extent_and_Nature_of_
Adverse_Childhood_Experiences_ACE_among_Former_White_Supremacists [accessed: 18 VIII 2022].