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Transparency and Algorithmic Oversight in the Digital Workplace: Legal Challenges under Directive 2024/2831

Data publikacji: 23.06.2025

Studia z Zakresu Prawa Pracy i Polityki Społecznej (Studies on Labour Law and Social Policy), Volume 32 (2025), Tom 32 Zeszyt 3, s. 187-198

https://doi.org/10.4467/25444654SPP.25.013.21663

Autorzy

Monika Tomaszewska
Uniwersytet Gdański
, Polska
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5271-9998 Orcid
Wszystkie publikacje autora →

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Tytuły

Transparency and Algorithmic Oversight in the Digital Workplace: Legal Challenges under Directive 2024/2831

Abstrakt

Platform work (the gig economy) has generated numerous legal disputes in the EU concerning the legal status of persons performing work through digital platforms and the manner in which algorithms manage their activities. In recent years, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has delivered key judgments shaping the provisions of Directive (EU) 2024/2831 of 23 October 2024 on improving working conditions in platform work and strengthening the oversight of algorithmic management. Regulation, especially concerning this latter aspect, required cross-border attention, as managerial decisions previously taken by human supervisors have been replaced by algorithms, resulting in increased work pressure and deterioration of working conditions. The present study analyses those judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union relevant to determining the employment status of platform workers, as well as to algorithmic transparency and oversight. The article also examines judicial rulings and administrative decisions, primarily from Spain and Italy, which have significantly shaped the European regulatory approach to platform work. The analysis addresses the legal bases, conclusions from jurisprudence, and implications for implementing Directive 2024/2831.

Bibliografia

Pobierz bibliografię

Aloisi A. (2018) With Great Power Comes Virtual Freedom: A Review of the First Italian Case Holding That (Food-Delivery) Platform Workers Are Not Employees, “Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal.”

Cavallini G. (2018) The First Italian Decision on the Status of Gig Workers Denies Reclassificationhttps://elw‑network.eu/first‑italian‑decision‑status‑gig‑workers‑denies‑reclassification/ (access: 10 March 2025).

Eurofound (2018) Turin Tribunal Denies Employee Status for Foodora Riders – Overturnedhttps://apps.eurofound.europa.eu/platformeconomydb/turin‑tribunal‑denies‑employee‑status‑for‑foodora‑riders‑overturned‑97101 (access: 14 February 2025).

European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (2022) Spain: the ‘Riders’ Law’, New Regulation on Digital Platform Workershttps://healthy‑workplaces.osha.europa.eu/en/publications/spain‑riders‑law‑new‑regulation‑digital‑platform‑work‑0 (access: 14 February 2025).

Hiessl C. (2023) Jurisprudence of National Courts in Europe on Algorithmic Management at the Workplace, European Centre of Expertise (ECE) in the Field of Labour Law, Employment and Labour Market Policies.

Litardi C., Adăscăliţei D., Widera S. (2024) Regulatory Responses to Algorithmic Management in the EUhttps://www.eurofound.europa.eu/en/resources/article/2024/regulatory‑responses‑algorithmic‑management‑eu (access: 11 February 2025).

Mangold S. (ed.) (2024) Platform Workers: Regulatory Challenges and Perspectives, “European Labour Law Journal,” Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 726–739.

Maratou E., Chatzimichael D. (2024), European Union Regulatory Initiatives in the Field of Algorithmic Management and Artificial Intelligence – Labour Law Perspectivehttps://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=f18e73f9‑0f1d‑4552‑9ddc‑d3175753b454 (access: 11 February 2025).

Rodríguez L. (2022) First Collective Agreement Signed for Platform Workers in Spainhttps://www.socialeurope.eu/first‑agreement‑for‑platform‑workers‑in‑spain (access: 14 February 2025).

Court Sentences

Judgment of the CJEU of 4 December 2014, C‑413/13, FNV Kunsten Informatie en Media v. Staat der Nederlanden, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2411.

Judgment of the CJEU of 10 September 2015, C‑47/14, Holterman Ferho Exploitatie and Others, ECLI:EU:C:2015:574.

Judgment of the CJEU of 20 December 2017, C‑434/15, Asociación Profesional Elite Taxi v. Uber Systems Spain SL, ECLI:EU:C:2017:981.

Judgment of the CJEU of 20 November 2018, C‑147/17, Sindicatul Familia Constanța and Others, ECLI:EU:C:2018:926.

Order of the CJEU of 22 April 2020, C‑692/19, B v. Yodel Delivery Network Ltd, OJ C 287, 31.8.2020, pp. 22–23.

Spanish Supreme Court Judgment of 25 September 2020 (Glovo case).

Italian Corte di Cassazione (Court of Cassation) Judgment No. 1663 of 24 January 2020 (Foodora case).

Bologna Labour Court judgment of 31 December 2020 (Frank Algorithm case against Deliveroo Italy).

Decisions of Administrative Authorities

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante per la Protezione dei Dati Personali), decision of 5 July 2021 in Foodinho/Glovo, Inside Privacy online access.

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante per la Protezione dei Dati Personali), decision of August 2021 against Deliveroo Italy, sanction of 2.5 million EUR for breaches of data privacy regarding riders.

Legal Acts

Treaty on European Union, OJ C 202, 7.06.2016, p. 13.

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, OJ C 202, 7.06.2016, p. 389.

Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) OJ L 119, 4.5.2016, p. 1–88 as amended.

Directive (EU) 2024/2831 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2024 on improving working conditions in platform work, OJ L, 2024/2831, 11.11.2024.

Directive 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003 concerning certain aspects of the organisation of working time, OJ L 299, 18.11.2003, p. 9–19.

Royal Decree‑law 9/2021 of May 2021, subsequently Act 12/2021 of 28 September 2021 (Spanish “Riders Law”).

Decreto Legislativo 81/2015 of Italy ( Jobs Act).

Decreto Legislativo 101/2019 converted into Law 128/2019 (Italian “Riders Decree”).

Informacje

Informacje: Studia z Zakresu Prawa Pracy i Polityki Społecznej (Studies on Labour Law and Social Policy), Volume 32 (2025), Tom 32 Zeszyt 3, s. 187-198

Typ artykułu: Oryginalny artykuł naukowy

Tytuły:

Angielski: Transparency and Algorithmic Oversight in the Digital Workplace: Legal Challenges under Directive 2024/2831

Autorzy

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5271-9998

Monika Tomaszewska
Uniwersytet Gdański
, Polska
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5271-9998 Orcid
Wszystkie publikacje autora →

Uniwersytet Gdański
Polska
ROR ID:

 Ikona Research Organization Registry 011dv8m48

Publikacja: 23.06.2025

Status artykułu: Otwarte __T_UNLOCK

Licencja: CC BY 4.0  ikona licencji

Udział procentowy autorów:

Monika Tomaszewska (Autor) - 100%

Numer klasyfikacji:

ASJC:

Social Sciences – Law (3308)

JEL Classification System:

Labor Law (K31)

Korekty artykułu:

-

Języki publikacji:

Angielski

Transparency and Algorithmic Oversight in the Digital Workplace: Legal Challenges under Directive 2024/2831

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