The article examines the role of electronic real estate registers as an institutional instrument for reducing transaction costs in property circulation through the lens of the economic analysis of law. Based on a comparative analysis of the Polish and Ukrainian models of real estate rights registration, the study reveals the impact of historical preconditions for the formation of private land ownership, the specifics of European integration, and contemporary challenges (in particular, the wartime factor in Ukraine) on the level of digitalization and institutional coherence of registry systems. It is substantiated that real estate registers perform not only a legal but also an economic function by reducing costs related to information search, verification of the legal status of property, conclusion and enforcement of contracts, as well as by lowering the level of legal uncertainty. The institutional architecture of cadastral and legal registers in Poland and Ukraine is analysed, with particular attention to mechanisms of inter-register interaction (the Integrated Real Estate Information System—ZSIN in Poland and the “Trembita” system in Ukraine) and their impact on the efficiency of property circulation. The article concludes that the key determinant of the economic efficiency of registration systems is not merely their electronic form, but primarily the degree of institutional integration and consistency of registry data. Special emphasis is placed on the prospects for further digital transformation of registers, in particular through the potential application of blockchain technologies as a tool for enhancing security and reducing transaction costs in the future.