TY - JOUR
TI - Access of higher education and study for Poles in the second half of 19th century
AU - Bartnicka, Kalina
TI - Access of higher education and study for Poles in the second half of 19th century
AB - 
	In the 19th century, in Poland divided among Russia, Austria and Prussia, the occupants hindered access to education for Poles. Fighting the restrictions, the Poles organized scientific institutions, published texts enabling self-study and founded high and academic private schools. In the Polish Kingdom in 19th century these schools were mostly clandestine, becoming legal at the beginning of 20th century. In Galicia, polonized high schools and universities in Lwów and Kraków educated students, including women, from all occupied territories. Many studied abroad. People educated in the second half of 19th century rebuilt the system of higher education in Poland Reborn.
VL - 2014
IS - Nauki Podstawowe Zeszyt 1 NP (7) 2014
PY - 2014
SN - 0011-4561
C1 - 2353-737X
SP - 13
EP - 35
DO - 10.4467/2353737XCT.14.056.2506
UR - https://ejournals.eu/czasopismo/czasopismo-techniczne/artykul/access-of-higher-education-and-study-for-poles-in-the-second-half-of-19th-century
KW - partitions of Poland
KW - Germanization
KW - Russification
KW - universities
KW - secondary schools
KW - underground education
KW - women’s education
KW - “Flying University”
KW - The Manual for a Self-Learner
KW - Society of Science Courses